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// Copyright Materialize, Inc. and contributors. All rights reserved.
//
// Use of this software is governed by the Business Source License
// included in the LICENSE file.
//
// As of the Change Date specified in that file, in accordance with
// the Business Source License, use of this software will be governed
// by the Apache License, Version 2.0.
use std::collections::BTreeMap;
use std::fmt;
use std::future::Future;
use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
use std::time::Duration;
use anyhow::{anyhow, Context};
use async_trait::async_trait;
use chrono::Utc;
use clap::ArgEnum;
use cloud_resource_controller::KubernetesResourceReader;
use futures::stream::{BoxStream, StreamExt};
use futures::TryFutureExt;
use k8s_openapi::api::apps::v1::{StatefulSet, StatefulSetSpec};
use k8s_openapi::api::core::v1::{
Affinity, Capabilities, Container, ContainerPort, EnvVar, EnvVarSource, EphemeralVolumeSource,
NodeAffinity, NodeSelector, NodeSelectorRequirement, NodeSelectorTerm, ObjectFieldSelector,
ObjectReference, PersistentVolumeClaim, PersistentVolumeClaimSpec,
PersistentVolumeClaimTemplate, Pod, PodAffinity, PodAffinityTerm, PodAntiAffinity,
PodSecurityContext, PodSpec, PodTemplateSpec, PreferredSchedulingTerm, ResourceRequirements,
SeccompProfile, Secret, SecurityContext, Service as K8sService, ServicePort, ServiceSpec,
Toleration, TopologySpreadConstraint, Volume, VolumeMount, VolumeResourceRequirements,
WeightedPodAffinityTerm,
};
use k8s_openapi::apimachinery::pkg::api::resource::Quantity;
use k8s_openapi::apimachinery::pkg::apis::meta::v1::{LabelSelector, LabelSelectorRequirement};
use kube::api::{Api, DeleteParams, ObjectMeta, Patch, PatchParams};
use kube::client::Client;
use kube::error::Error as K8sError;
use kube::runtime::{watcher, WatchStreamExt};
use kube::ResourceExt;
use maplit::btreemap;
use mz_cloud_resources::crd::vpc_endpoint::v1::VpcEndpoint;
use mz_cloud_resources::AwsExternalIdPrefix;
use mz_orchestrator::{
scheduling_config::*, DiskLimit, LabelSelectionLogic, LabelSelector as MzLabelSelector,
NamespacedOrchestrator, OfflineReason, Orchestrator, Service, ServiceConfig, ServiceEvent,
ServiceProcessMetrics, ServiceStatus,
};
use mz_ore::retry::Retry;
use mz_ore::task::AbortOnDropHandle;
use serde::Deserialize;
use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
use tokio::sync::{mpsc, oneshot};
use tracing::warn;
pub mod cloud_resource_controller;
pub mod secrets;
pub mod util;
const FIELD_MANAGER: &str = "environmentd";
const NODE_FAILURE_THRESHOLD_SECONDS: i64 = 30;
const POD_TEMPLATE_HASH_ANNOTATION: &str = "environmentd.materialize.cloud/pod-template-hash";
/// Configures a [`KubernetesOrchestrator`].
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct KubernetesOrchestratorConfig {
/// The name of a Kubernetes context to use, if the Kubernetes configuration
/// is loaded from the local kubeconfig.
pub context: String,
/// The name of a non-default Kubernetes scheduler to use, if any.
pub scheduler_name: Option<String>,
/// Labels to install on every service created by the orchestrator.
pub service_labels: BTreeMap<String, String>,
/// Node selector to install on every service created by the orchestrator.
pub service_node_selector: BTreeMap<String, String>,
/// The service account that each service should run as, if any.
pub service_account: Option<String>,
/// The image pull policy to set for services created by the orchestrator.
pub image_pull_policy: KubernetesImagePullPolicy,
/// An AWS external ID prefix to use when making AWS operations on behalf
/// of the environment.
pub aws_external_id_prefix: Option<AwsExternalIdPrefix>,
/// Whether to use code coverage mode or not. Always false for production.
pub coverage: bool,
/// The Kubernetes StorageClass to use for the ephemeral volume attached to
/// services that request disk.
///
/// If unspecified, the orchestrator will refuse to create services that
/// request disk.
pub ephemeral_volume_storage_class: Option<String>,
/// The optional fs group for service's pods' `securityContext`.
pub service_fs_group: Option<i64>,
}
/// Specifies whether Kubernetes should pull Docker images when creating pods.
#[derive(ArgEnum, Debug, Clone, Copy)]
pub enum KubernetesImagePullPolicy {
/// Always pull the Docker image from the registry.
Always,
/// Pull the Docker image only if the image is not present.
IfNotPresent,
/// Never pull the Docker image.
Never,
}
impl fmt::Display for KubernetesImagePullPolicy {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
match self {
KubernetesImagePullPolicy::Always => f.write_str("Always"),
KubernetesImagePullPolicy::IfNotPresent => f.write_str("IfNotPresent"),
KubernetesImagePullPolicy::Never => f.write_str("Never"),
}
}
}
/// An orchestrator backed by Kubernetes.
pub struct KubernetesOrchestrator {
client: Client,
kubernetes_namespace: String,
config: KubernetesOrchestratorConfig,
secret_api: Api<Secret>,
vpc_endpoint_api: Api<VpcEndpoint>,
namespaces: Mutex<BTreeMap<String, Arc<dyn NamespacedOrchestrator>>>,
resource_reader: Arc<KubernetesResourceReader>,
}
impl fmt::Debug for KubernetesOrchestrator {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
f.debug_struct("KubernetesOrchestrator").finish()
}
}
impl KubernetesOrchestrator {
/// Creates a new Kubernetes orchestrator from the provided configuration.
pub async fn new(
config: KubernetesOrchestratorConfig,
) -> Result<KubernetesOrchestrator, anyhow::Error> {
let (client, kubernetes_namespace) = util::create_client(config.context.clone()).await?;
let resource_reader =
Arc::new(KubernetesResourceReader::new(config.context.clone()).await?);
Ok(KubernetesOrchestrator {
client: client.clone(),
kubernetes_namespace,
config,
secret_api: Api::default_namespaced(client.clone()),
vpc_endpoint_api: Api::default_namespaced(client),
namespaces: Mutex::new(BTreeMap::new()),
resource_reader,
})
}
}
impl Orchestrator for KubernetesOrchestrator {
fn namespace(&self, namespace: &str) -> Arc<dyn NamespacedOrchestrator> {
let mut namespaces = self.namespaces.lock().expect("lock poisoned");
Arc::clone(namespaces.entry(namespace.into()).or_insert_with(|| {
let (command_tx, command_rx) = mpsc::unbounded_channel();
let worker = OrchestratorWorker {
metrics_api: Api::default_namespaced(self.client.clone()),
custom_metrics_api: Api::default_namespaced(self.client.clone()),
service_api: Api::default_namespaced(self.client.clone()),
stateful_set_api: Api::default_namespaced(self.client.clone()),
pod_api: Api::default_namespaced(self.client.clone()),
command_rx,
}
.spawn(format!("kubernetes-orchestrator-worker:{namespace}"));
Arc::new(NamespacedKubernetesOrchestrator {
pod_api: Api::default_namespaced(self.client.clone()),
kubernetes_namespace: self.kubernetes_namespace.clone(),
namespace: namespace.into(),
config: self.config.clone(),
// TODO(guswynn): make this configurable.
scheduling_config: Default::default(),
service_infos: std::sync::Mutex::new(BTreeMap::new()),
command_tx,
_worker: worker,
})
}))
}
}
#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
struct ServiceInfo {
scale: u16,
disk: bool,
disk_limit: Option<DiskLimit>,
}
struct NamespacedKubernetesOrchestrator {
pod_api: Api<Pod>,
kubernetes_namespace: String,
namespace: String,
config: KubernetesOrchestratorConfig,
scheduling_config: std::sync::RwLock<ServiceSchedulingConfig>,
service_infos: std::sync::Mutex<BTreeMap<String, ServiceInfo>>,
command_tx: mpsc::UnboundedSender<WorkerCommand>,
_worker: AbortOnDropHandle<()>,
}
impl fmt::Debug for NamespacedKubernetesOrchestrator {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
f.debug_struct("NamespacedKubernetesOrchestrator")
.field("kubernetes_namespace", &self.kubernetes_namespace)
.field("namespace", &self.namespace)
.field("config", &self.config)
.finish()
}
}
/// Commands sent from a [`NamespacedKubernetesOrchestrator`] to its
/// [`OrchestratorWorker`].
///
/// Commands for which the caller expects a result include a `result_tx` on which the
/// [`OrchestratorWorker`] will deliver the result.
enum WorkerCommand {
EnsureService {
desc: ServiceDescription,
},
DropService {
name: String,
},
ListServices {
namespace: String,
result_tx: oneshot::Sender<Vec<String>>,
},
FetchServiceMetrics {
name: String,
info: ServiceInfo,
result_tx: oneshot::Sender<Vec<ServiceProcessMetrics>>,
},
}
/// A description of a service to be created by an [`OrchestratorWorker`].
struct ServiceDescription {
name: String,
scale: u16,
service: K8sService,
stateful_set: StatefulSet,
pod_template_hash: String,
}
/// A task executing blocking work for a [`NamespacedKubernetesOrchestrator`] in the background.
///
/// This type exists to enable making [`NamespacedKubernetesOrchestrator::ensure_service`] and
/// [`NamespacedKubernetesOrchestrator::drop_service`] non-blocking, allowing invocation of these
/// methods in latency-sensitive contexts.
///
/// Note that, apart from `ensure_service` and `drop_service`, this worker also handles blocking
/// orchestrator calls that query service state (such as `list_services`). These need to be
/// sequenced through the worker loop to ensure they linearize as expected. For example, we want to
/// ensure that a `list_services` result contains exactly those services that were previously
/// created with `ensure_service` and not yet dropped with `drop_service`.
struct OrchestratorWorker {
metrics_api: Api<PodMetrics>,
custom_metrics_api: Api<MetricValueList>,
service_api: Api<K8sService>,
stateful_set_api: Api<StatefulSet>,
pod_api: Api<Pod>,
command_rx: mpsc::UnboundedReceiver<WorkerCommand>,
}
#[derive(Deserialize, Clone, Debug)]
pub struct PodMetricsContainer {
pub name: String,
pub usage: PodMetricsContainerUsage,
}
#[derive(Deserialize, Clone, Debug)]
pub struct PodMetricsContainerUsage {
pub cpu: Quantity,
pub memory: Quantity,
}
#[derive(Deserialize, Clone, Debug)]
pub struct PodMetrics {
pub metadata: ObjectMeta,
pub timestamp: String,
pub window: String,
pub containers: Vec<PodMetricsContainer>,
}
impl k8s_openapi::Resource for PodMetrics {
const GROUP: &'static str = "metrics.k8s.io";
const KIND: &'static str = "PodMetrics";
const VERSION: &'static str = "v1beta1";
const API_VERSION: &'static str = "metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1";
const URL_PATH_SEGMENT: &'static str = "pods";
type Scope = k8s_openapi::NamespaceResourceScope;
}
impl k8s_openapi::Metadata for PodMetrics {
type Ty = ObjectMeta;
fn metadata(&self) -> &Self::Ty {
&self.metadata
}
fn metadata_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Ty {
&mut self.metadata
}
}
// Note that these types are very weird. We are `get`-ing a
// `List` object, and lying about it having an `ObjectMeta`
// (it deserializes as empty, but we don't need it). The custom
// metrics API is designed this way, which is very non-standard.
// A discussion in the `kube` channel in the `tokio` discord
// confirmed that this layout + using `get_subresource` is the
// best way to handle this.
#[derive(Deserialize, Clone, Debug)]
pub struct MetricIdentifier {
#[serde(rename = "metricName")]
pub name: String,
// We skip `selector` for now, as we don't use it
}
#[derive(Deserialize, Clone, Debug)]
pub struct MetricValue {
#[serde(rename = "describedObject")]
pub described_object: ObjectReference,
#[serde(flatten)]
pub metric_identifier: MetricIdentifier,
pub timestamp: String,
pub value: Quantity,
// We skip `windowSeconds`, as we don't need it
}
#[derive(Deserialize, Clone, Debug)]
pub struct MetricValueList {
pub metadata: ObjectMeta,
pub items: Vec<MetricValue>,
}
impl k8s_openapi::Resource for MetricValueList {
const GROUP: &'static str = "custom.metrics.k8s.io";
const KIND: &'static str = "MetricValueList";
const VERSION: &'static str = "v1beta1";
const API_VERSION: &'static str = "custom.metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1";
const URL_PATH_SEGMENT: &'static str = "persistentvolumeclaims";
type Scope = k8s_openapi::NamespaceResourceScope;
}
impl k8s_openapi::Metadata for MetricValueList {
type Ty = ObjectMeta;
fn metadata(&self) -> &Self::Ty {
&self.metadata
}
fn metadata_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Ty {
&mut self.metadata
}
}
impl NamespacedKubernetesOrchestrator {
fn service_name(&self, id: &str) -> String {
format!("{}-{id}", self.namespace)
}
/// Return a `watcher::Config` instance that limits results to the namespace
/// assigned to this orchestrator.
fn watch_pod_params(&self) -> watcher::Config {
let ns_selector = format!(
"environmentd.materialize.cloud/namespace={}",
self.namespace
);
watcher::Config::default().labels(&ns_selector)
}
/// Convert a higher-level label key to the actual one we
/// will give to Kubernetes
fn make_label_key(&self, key: &str) -> String {
format!("{}.environmentd.materialize.cloud/{}", self.namespace, key)
}
fn label_selector_to_k8s(
&self,
MzLabelSelector { label_name, logic }: MzLabelSelector,
) -> Result<LabelSelectorRequirement, anyhow::Error> {
let (operator, values) = match logic {
LabelSelectionLogic::Eq { value } => Ok(("In", vec![value])),
LabelSelectionLogic::NotEq { value } => Ok(("NotIn", vec![value])),
LabelSelectionLogic::Exists => Ok(("Exists", vec![])),
LabelSelectionLogic::NotExists => Ok(("DoesNotExist", vec![])),
LabelSelectionLogic::InSet { values } => {
if values.is_empty() {
Err(anyhow!(
"Invalid selector logic for {label_name}: empty `in` set"
))
} else {
Ok(("In", values))
}
}
LabelSelectionLogic::NotInSet { values } => {
if values.is_empty() {
Err(anyhow!(
"Invalid selector logic for {label_name}: empty `notin` set"
))
} else {
Ok(("NotIn", values))
}
}
}?;
let lsr = LabelSelectorRequirement {
key: self.make_label_key(&label_name),
operator: operator.to_string(),
values: Some(values),
};
Ok(lsr)
}
fn send_command(&self, cmd: WorkerCommand) {
self.command_tx.send(cmd).expect("worker task not dropped");
}
}
#[derive(Debug)]
struct ScaledQuantity {
integral_part: u64,
exponent: i8,
base10: bool,
}
impl ScaledQuantity {
pub fn try_to_integer(&self, scale: i8, base10: bool) -> Option<u64> {
if base10 != self.base10 {
return None;
}
let exponent = self.exponent - scale;
let mut result = self.integral_part;
let base = if self.base10 { 10 } else { 2 };
if exponent < 0 {
for _ in exponent..0 {
result /= base;
}
} else {
for _ in 0..exponent {
result = result.checked_mul(2)?;
}
}
Some(result)
}
}
// Parse a k8s `Quantity` object
// into a numeric value.
//
// This is intended to support collecting CPU and Memory data.
// Thus, there are a few that things Kubernetes attempts to do, that we don't,
// because I've never observed metrics-server specifically sending them:
// (1) Handle negative numbers (because it's not useful for that use-case)
// (2) Handle non-integers (because I have never observed them being actually sent)
// (3) Handle scientific notation (e.g. 1.23e2)
fn parse_k8s_quantity(s: &str) -> Result<ScaledQuantity, anyhow::Error> {
const DEC_SUFFIXES: &[(&str, i8)] = &[
("n", -9),
("u", -6),
("m", -3),
("", 0),
("k", 3), // yep, intentionally lowercase.
("M", 6),
("G", 9),
("T", 12),
("P", 15),
("E", 18),
];
const BIN_SUFFIXES: &[(&str, i8)] = &[
("", 0),
("Ki", 10),
("Mi", 20),
("Gi", 30),
("Ti", 40),
("Pi", 50),
("Ei", 60),
];
let (positive, s) = match s.chars().next() {
Some('+') => (true, &s[1..]),
Some('-') => (false, &s[1..]),
_ => (true, s),
};
if !positive {
anyhow::bail!("Negative numbers not supported")
}
fn is_suffix_char(ch: char) -> bool {
"numkMGTPEKi".contains(ch)
}
let (num, suffix) = match s.find(is_suffix_char) {
None => (s, ""),
Some(idx) => s.split_at(idx),
};
let num: u64 = num.parse()?;
let (exponent, base10) = if let Some((_, exponent)) =
DEC_SUFFIXES.iter().find(|(target, _)| suffix == *target)
{
(exponent, true)
} else if let Some((_, exponent)) = BIN_SUFFIXES.iter().find(|(target, _)| suffix == *target) {
(exponent, false)
} else {
anyhow::bail!("Unrecognized suffix: {suffix}");
};
Ok(ScaledQuantity {
integral_part: num,
exponent: *exponent,
base10,
})
}
#[async_trait]
impl NamespacedOrchestrator for NamespacedKubernetesOrchestrator {
async fn fetch_service_metrics(
&self,
id: &str,
) -> Result<Vec<ServiceProcessMetrics>, anyhow::Error> {
let info = if let Some(info) = self.service_infos.lock().expect("poisoned lock").get(id) {
*info
} else {
// This should have been set in `ensure_service`.
tracing::error!("Failed to get info for {id}");
anyhow::bail!("Failed to get info for {id}");
};
let (result_tx, result_rx) = oneshot::channel();
self.send_command(WorkerCommand::FetchServiceMetrics {
name: self.service_name(id),
info,
result_tx,
});
let metrics = result_rx.await.expect("worker task not dropped");
Ok(metrics)
}
fn ensure_service(
&self,
id: &str,
ServiceConfig {
image,
init_container_image,
args,
ports: ports_in,
memory_limit,
cpu_limit,
scale,
labels: labels_in,
availability_zones,
other_replicas_selector,
replicas_selector,
disk,
disk_limit,
node_selector,
}: ServiceConfig,
) -> Result<Box<dyn Service>, anyhow::Error> {
// This is extremely cheap to clone, so just look into the lock once.
let scheduling_config: ServiceSchedulingConfig =
self.scheduling_config.read().expect("poisoned").clone();
let disk = scheduling_config.always_use_disk || disk;
let name = self.service_name(id);
// The match labels should be the minimal set of labels that uniquely
// identify the pods in the stateful set. Changing these after the
// `StatefulSet` is created is not permitted by Kubernetes, and we're
// not yet smart enough to handle deleting and recreating the
// `StatefulSet`.
let match_labels = btreemap! {
"environmentd.materialize.cloud/namespace".into() => self.namespace.clone(),
"environmentd.materialize.cloud/service-id".into() => id.into(),
};
let mut labels = match_labels.clone();
for (key, value) in labels_in {
labels.insert(self.make_label_key(&key), value);
}
labels.insert(self.make_label_key("scale"), scale.to_string());
for port in &ports_in {
labels.insert(
format!("environmentd.materialize.cloud/port-{}", port.name),
"true".into(),
);
}
for (key, value) in &self.config.service_labels {
labels.insert(key.clone(), value.clone());
}
let mut limits = BTreeMap::new();
if let Some(memory_limit) = memory_limit {
limits.insert(
"memory".into(),
Quantity(memory_limit.0.as_u64().to_string()),
);
}
if let Some(cpu_limit) = cpu_limit {
limits.insert(
"cpu".into(),
Quantity(format!("{}m", cpu_limit.as_millicpus())),
);
}
let service = K8sService {
metadata: ObjectMeta {
name: Some(name.clone()),
..Default::default()
},
spec: Some(ServiceSpec {
ports: Some(
ports_in
.iter()
.map(|port| ServicePort {
port: port.port_hint.into(),
name: Some(port.name.clone()),
..Default::default()
})
.collect(),
),
cluster_ip: None,
selector: Some(match_labels.clone()),
..Default::default()
}),
status: None,
};
let hosts = (0..scale)
.map(|i| {
format!(
"{name}-{i}.{name}.{}.svc.cluster.local",
self.kubernetes_namespace
)
})
.collect::<Vec<_>>();
let ports = ports_in
.iter()
.map(|p| (p.name.clone(), p.port_hint))
.collect::<BTreeMap<_, _>>();
let listen_addrs = ports_in
.iter()
.map(|p| (p.name.clone(), format!("0.0.0.0:{}", p.port_hint)))
.collect::<BTreeMap<_, _>>();
let mut args = args(&listen_addrs);
// This constrains the orchestrator (for those orchestrators that support
// anti-affinity, today just k8s) to never schedule pods for different replicas
// of the same cluster on the same node. Pods from the _same_ replica are fine;
// pods from different clusters are also fine.
//
// The point is that if pods of two replicas are on the same node, that node
// going down would kill both replicas, and so the replication factor of the
// cluster in question is illusory.
let anti_affinity = Some({
let label_selector_requirements = other_replicas_selector
.clone()
.into_iter()
.map(|ls| self.label_selector_to_k8s(ls))
.collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
let ls = LabelSelector {
match_expressions: Some(label_selector_requirements),
..Default::default()
};
let pat = PodAffinityTerm {
label_selector: Some(ls),
topology_key: "kubernetes.io/hostname".to_string(),
..Default::default()
};
if !scheduling_config.soften_replication_anti_affinity {
PodAntiAffinity {
required_during_scheduling_ignored_during_execution: Some(vec![pat]),
..Default::default()
}
} else {
PodAntiAffinity {
preferred_during_scheduling_ignored_during_execution: Some(vec![
WeightedPodAffinityTerm {
weight: scheduling_config.soften_replication_anti_affinity_weight,
pod_affinity_term: pat,
},
]),
..Default::default()
}
}
});
let pod_affinity = if let Some(weight) = scheduling_config.multi_pod_az_affinity_weight {
// `match_labels` sufficiently selects pods in the same replica.
let ls = LabelSelector {
match_labels: Some(match_labels.clone()),
..Default::default()
};
let pat = PodAffinityTerm {
label_selector: Some(ls),
topology_key: "topology.kubernetes.io/zone".to_string(),
..Default::default()
};
Some(PodAffinity {
preferred_during_scheduling_ignored_during_execution: Some(vec![
WeightedPodAffinityTerm {
weight,
pod_affinity_term: pat,
},
]),
..Default::default()
})
} else {
None
};
let topology_spread = if scheduling_config.topology_spread.enabled {
let config = &scheduling_config.topology_spread;
if !config.ignore_non_singular_scale || scale <= 1 {
let label_selector_requirements = (if config.ignore_non_singular_scale {
let mut replicas_selector_ignoring_scale = replicas_selector.clone();
replicas_selector_ignoring_scale.push(mz_orchestrator::LabelSelector {
label_name: "scale".into(),
logic: mz_orchestrator::LabelSelectionLogic::Eq {
value: "1".to_string(),
},
});
replicas_selector_ignoring_scale
} else {
replicas_selector
})
.into_iter()
.map(|ls| self.label_selector_to_k8s(ls))
.collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
let ls = LabelSelector {
match_expressions: Some(label_selector_requirements),
..Default::default()
};
let constraint = TopologySpreadConstraint {
label_selector: Some(ls),
min_domains: None,
max_skew: config.max_skew,
topology_key: "topology.kubernetes.io/zone".to_string(),
when_unsatisfiable: if config.soft {
"ScheduleAnyway".to_string()
} else {
"DoNotSchedule".to_string()
},
// TODO(guswynn): restore these once they are supported.
// Consider node affinities when calculating topology spread. This is the
// default: <https://docs.rs/k8s-openapi/latest/k8s_openapi/api/core/v1/struct.TopologySpreadConstraint.html#structfield.node_affinity_policy>,
// made explicit.
// node_affinity_policy: Some("Honor".to_string()),
// Do not consider node taints when calculating topology spread. This is the
// default: <https://docs.rs/k8s-openapi/latest/k8s_openapi/api/core/v1/struct.TopologySpreadConstraint.html#structfield.node_taints_policy>,
// made explicit.
// node_taints_policy: Some("Ignore".to_string()),
match_label_keys: None,
// Once the above are restorted, we should't have `..Default::default()` here because the specifics of these fields are
// subtle enough where we want compilation failures when we upgrade
..Default::default()
};
Some(vec![constraint])
} else {
None
}
} else {
None
};
let pod_annotations = btreemap! {
// Prevent the cluster-autoscaler (or karpenter) from evicting these pods in attempts to scale down
// and terminate nodes.
// This will cost us more money, but should give us better uptime.
// This does not prevent all evictions by Kubernetes, only the ones initiated by the
// cluster-autoscaler (or karpenter). Notably, eviction of pods for resource overuse is still enabled.
"cluster-autoscaler.kubernetes.io/safe-to-evict".to_owned() => "false".to_string(),
"karpenter.sh/do-not-evict".to_owned() => "true".to_string(),
// It's called do-not-disrupt in newer versions of karpenter, so adding for forward/backward compatibility
"karpenter.sh/do-not-disrupt".to_owned() => "true".to_string(),
};
let default_node_selector = if disk {
vec![("materialize.cloud/disk".to_string(), disk.to_string())]
} else {
// if the cluster doesn't require disk, we can omit the selector
// allowing it to be scheduled onto nodes with and without the
// selector
vec![]
};
let node_selector: BTreeMap<String, String> = default_node_selector
.into_iter()
.chain(self.config.service_node_selector.clone())
.chain(node_selector)
.collect();
let node_affinity = if let Some(availability_zones) = availability_zones {
let selector = NodeSelectorTerm {
match_expressions: Some(vec![NodeSelectorRequirement {
key: "materialize.cloud/availability-zone".to_string(),
operator: "In".to_string(),
values: Some(availability_zones),
}]),
match_fields: None,
};
if scheduling_config.soften_az_affinity {
Some(NodeAffinity {
preferred_during_scheduling_ignored_during_execution: Some(vec![
PreferredSchedulingTerm {
preference: selector,
weight: scheduling_config.soften_az_affinity_weight,
},
]),
required_during_scheduling_ignored_during_execution: None,
})
} else {
Some(NodeAffinity {
preferred_during_scheduling_ignored_during_execution: None,
required_during_scheduling_ignored_during_execution: Some(NodeSelector {
node_selector_terms: vec![selector],
}),
})
}
} else {
None
};
let container_name = image
.splitn(2, '/')
.skip(1)
.next()
.and_then(|name_version| name_version.splitn(2, ':').next())
.context("`image` is not ORG/NAME:VERSION")?
.to_string();
let container_security_context = if scheduling_config.security_context_enabled {
Some(SecurityContext {
privileged: Some(false),
run_as_non_root: Some(true),
allow_privilege_escalation: Some(false),
seccomp_profile: Some(SeccompProfile {
type_: "RuntimeDefault".to_string(),
..Default::default()
}),
capabilities: Some(Capabilities {
drop: Some(vec!["ALL".to_string()]),
..Default::default()
}),
..Default::default()
})
} else {
None
};
let init_containers = init_container_image.map(|image| {
vec![Container {
name: "init".to_string(),
image: Some(image),
image_pull_policy: Some(self.config.image_pull_policy.to_string()),
resources: Some(ResourceRequirements {
claims: None,
// Set both limits and requests to the same values, to ensure a
// `Guaranteed` QoS class for the pod.
limits: Some(limits.clone()),
requests: Some(limits.clone()),
}),
security_context: container_security_context.clone(),
env: Some(vec![
EnvVar {
name: "MZ_NAMESPACE".to_string(),
value_from: Some(EnvVarSource {
field_ref: Some(ObjectFieldSelector {
field_path: "metadata.namespace".to_string(),
..Default::default()
}),
..Default::default()
}),
..Default::default()
},
EnvVar {
name: "MZ_POD_NAME".to_string(),
value_from: Some(EnvVarSource {
field_ref: Some(ObjectFieldSelector {
field_path: "metadata.name".to_string(),
..Default::default()
}),
..Default::default()
}),
..Default::default()
},
EnvVar {
name: "MZ_NODE_NAME".to_string(),
value_from: Some(EnvVarSource {
field_ref: Some(ObjectFieldSelector {
field_path: "spec.nodeName".to_string(),
..Default::default()
}),
..Default::default()
}),
..Default::default()
},
]),
..Default::default()
}]
});
let env = if self.config.coverage {
Some(vec![EnvVar {
name: "LLVM_PROFILE_FILE".to_string(),
value: Some(format!("/coverage/{}-%p-%9m%c.profraw", self.namespace)),
..Default::default()
}])
} else {
None
};
let mut volume_mounts = vec![];
if self.config.coverage {
volume_mounts.push(VolumeMount {
name: "coverage".to_string(),
mount_path: "/coverage".to_string(),
..Default::default()
})
}
let volumes = match (disk, &self.config.ephemeral_volume_storage_class) {
(true, Some(ephemeral_volume_storage_class)) => {
volume_mounts.push(VolumeMount {
name: "scratch".to_string(),
mount_path: "/scratch".to_string(),
..Default::default()
});
args.push("--scratch-directory=/scratch".into());
Some(vec![Volume {
name: "scratch".to_string(),
ephemeral: Some(EphemeralVolumeSource {
volume_claim_template: Some(PersistentVolumeClaimTemplate {
spec: PersistentVolumeClaimSpec {
access_modes: Some(vec!["ReadWriteOnce".to_string()]),
storage_class_name: Some(
ephemeral_volume_storage_class.to_string(),
),
resources: Some(VolumeResourceRequirements {
requests: Some(BTreeMap::from([(
"storage".to_string(),
Quantity(
disk_limit
.unwrap_or(DiskLimit::ARBITRARY)
.0
.as_u64()
.to_string(),
),
)])),
..Default::default()
}),
..Default::default()
},
..Default::default()
}),
..Default::default()
}),
..Default::default()
}])
}
(true, None) => {
return Err(anyhow!(
"service requested disk but no ephemeral volume storage class was configured"
));
}
(false, _) => None,
};
let volume_claim_templates = if self.config.coverage {
Some(vec![PersistentVolumeClaim {
metadata: ObjectMeta {
name: Some("coverage".to_string()),
..Default::default()
},
spec: Some(PersistentVolumeClaimSpec {
access_modes: Some(vec!["ReadWriteOnce".to_string()]),
resources: Some(VolumeResourceRequirements {
requests: Some(BTreeMap::from([(
"storage".to_string(),
Quantity("10Gi".to_string()),
)])),
..Default::default()
}),
..Default::default()
}),
..Default::default()
}])
} else {
None
};
let security_context = if let Some(fs_group) = self.config.service_fs_group {
Some(PodSecurityContext {
fs_group: Some(fs_group),
run_as_user: Some(fs_group),
run_as_group: Some(fs_group),
..Default::default()
})
} else {
None
};
let tolerations = Some(vec![
// When the node becomes `NotReady` it indicates there is a problem
// with the node. By default Kubernetes waits 300s (5 minutes)
// before descheduling the pod, but we tune this to 30s for faster
// recovery in the case of node failure.
Toleration {
effect: Some("NoExecute".into()),
key: Some("node.kubernetes.io/not-ready".into()),
operator: Some("Exists".into()),
toleration_seconds: Some(NODE_FAILURE_THRESHOLD_SECONDS),
value: None,
},
Toleration {
effect: Some("NoExecute".into()),
key: Some("node.kubernetes.io/unreachable".into()),
operator: Some("Exists".into()),
toleration_seconds: Some(NODE_FAILURE_THRESHOLD_SECONDS),
value: None,
},
]);
let mut pod_template_spec = PodTemplateSpec {
metadata: Some(ObjectMeta {
labels: Some(labels.clone()),
annotations: Some(pod_annotations), // Do not delete, we insert into it below.
..Default::default()
}),
spec: Some(PodSpec {
init_containers,
containers: vec![Container {
name: container_name,
image: Some(image),
args: Some(args),
image_pull_policy: Some(self.config.image_pull_policy.to_string()),
ports: Some(
ports_in
.iter()
.map(|port| ContainerPort {
container_port: port.port_hint.into(),
name: Some(port.name.clone()),
..Default::default()
})
.collect(),
),
security_context: container_security_context.clone(),
resources: Some(ResourceRequirements {
claims: None,
// Set both limits and requests to the same values, to ensure a
// `Guaranteed` QoS class for the pod.
limits: Some(limits.clone()),
requests: Some(limits),
}),
volume_mounts: if !volume_mounts.is_empty() {
Some(volume_mounts)
} else {
None
},
env,
..Default::default()
}],
volumes,
security_context,
node_selector: Some(node_selector),
scheduler_name: self.config.scheduler_name.clone(),
service_account: self.config.service_account.clone(),
affinity: Some(Affinity {
pod_anti_affinity: anti_affinity,
pod_affinity,
node_affinity,
..Default::default()
}),
topology_spread_constraints: topology_spread,
tolerations,
// Setting a 0s termination grace period has the side effect of
// automatically starting a new pod when the previous pod is
// currently terminating. This enables recovery from a node
// failure with no manual intervention. Without this setting,
// the StatefulSet controller will refuse to start a new pod
// until the failed node is manually removed from the Kubernetes
// cluster.
//
// The Kubernetes documentation strongly advises against this
// setting, as StatefulSets attempt to provide "at most once"
// semantics [0]--that is, the guarantee that for a given pod in
// a StatefulSet there is *at most* one pod with that identity
// running in the cluster.
//
// Materialize services, however, are carefully designed to
// *not* rely on this guarantee. In fact, we do not believe that
// correct distributed systems can meaningfully rely on
// Kubernetes's guarantee--network packets from a pod can be
// arbitrarily delayed, long past that pod's termination.
//
// [0]: https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/run-application/force-delete-stateful-set-pod/#statefulset-considerations
termination_grace_period_seconds: Some(0),
..Default::default()
}),
};
let pod_template_json = serde_json::to_string(&pod_template_spec).unwrap();
let mut hasher = Sha256::new();
hasher.update(pod_template_json);
let pod_template_hash = format!("{:x}", hasher.finalize());
pod_template_spec
.metadata
.as_mut()
.unwrap()
.annotations
.as_mut()
.unwrap()
.insert(
POD_TEMPLATE_HASH_ANNOTATION.to_owned(),
pod_template_hash.clone(),
);
let stateful_set = StatefulSet {
metadata: ObjectMeta {
name: Some(name.clone()),
..Default::default()
},
spec: Some(StatefulSetSpec {
selector: LabelSelector {
match_labels: Some(match_labels),
..Default::default()
},
service_name: name.clone(),
replicas: Some(scale.into()),
template: pod_template_spec,
pod_management_policy: Some("Parallel".to_string()),
volume_claim_templates,
..Default::default()
}),
status: None,
};
self.send_command(WorkerCommand::EnsureService {
desc: ServiceDescription {
name,
scale,
service,
stateful_set,
pod_template_hash,
},
});
self.service_infos.lock().expect("poisoned lock").insert(
id.to_string(),
ServiceInfo {
scale,
disk,
disk_limit,
},
);
Ok(Box::new(KubernetesService { hosts, ports }))
}
/// Drops the identified service, if it exists.
fn drop_service(&self, id: &str) -> Result<(), anyhow::Error> {
fail::fail_point!("kubernetes_drop_service", |_| Err(anyhow!("failpoint")));
self.service_infos.lock().expect("poisoned lock").remove(id);
self.send_command(WorkerCommand::DropService {
name: self.service_name(id),
});
Ok(())
}
/// Lists the identifiers of all known services.
async fn list_services(&self) -> Result<Vec<String>, anyhow::Error> {
let (result_tx, result_rx) = oneshot::channel();
self.send_command(WorkerCommand::ListServices {
namespace: self.namespace.clone(),
result_tx,
});
let list = result_rx.await.expect("worker task not dropped");
Ok(list)
}
fn watch_services(&self) -> BoxStream<'static, Result<ServiceEvent, anyhow::Error>> {
fn into_service_event(pod: Pod) -> Result<ServiceEvent, anyhow::Error> {
let process_id = pod.name_any().split('-').last().unwrap().parse()?;
let service_id_label = "environmentd.materialize.cloud/service-id";
let service_id = pod
.labels()
.get(service_id_label)
.ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("missing label: {service_id_label}"))?
.clone();
let oomed = pod
.status
.as_ref()
.and_then(|status| status.container_statuses.as_ref())
.map(|container_statuses| {
container_statuses.iter().any(|cs| {
// The container might have already transitioned from "terminated" to
// "waiting"/"running" state, in which case we need to check its previous
// state to find out why it terminated.
let current_state = cs.state.as_ref().and_then(|s| s.terminated.as_ref());
let last_state = cs.last_state.as_ref().and_then(|s| s.terminated.as_ref());
let termination_state = current_state.or(last_state);
// The interesting exit codes are 135 (SIGBUS) and 137 (SIGKILL). SIGKILL
// occurs when the OOM killer terminates the container, SIGBUS occurs when
// the container runs out of disk. We treat the latter as an OOM condition
// too since we only use disk for spilling memory.
let exit_code = termination_state.map(|s| s.exit_code);
exit_code == Some(135) || exit_code == Some(137)
})
})
.unwrap_or(false);
let (pod_ready, last_probe_time) = pod
.status
.and_then(|status| status.conditions)
.and_then(|conditions| conditions.into_iter().find(|c| c.type_ == "Ready"))
.map(|c| (c.status == "True", c.last_probe_time))
.unwrap_or((false, None));
let status = if pod_ready {
ServiceStatus::Online
} else {
ServiceStatus::Offline(oomed.then_some(OfflineReason::OomKilled))
};
let time = if let Some(time) = last_probe_time {
time.0
} else {
Utc::now()
};
Ok(ServiceEvent {
service_id,
process_id,
status,
time,
})
}
let stream = watcher(self.pod_api.clone(), self.watch_pod_params())
.touched_objects()
.filter_map(|object| async move {
match object {
Ok(pod) => Some(into_service_event(pod)),
Err(error) => {
// We assume that errors returned by Kubernetes are usually transient, so we
// just log a warning and ignore them otherwise.
tracing::warn!("service watch error: {error}");
None
}
}
});
Box::pin(stream)
}
fn update_scheduling_config(&self, config: ServiceSchedulingConfig) {
*self.scheduling_config.write().expect("poisoned") = config;
}
}
impl OrchestratorWorker {
fn spawn(self, name: String) -> AbortOnDropHandle<()> {
mz_ore::task::spawn(|| name, self.run()).abort_on_drop()
}
async fn run(mut self) {
while let Some(cmd) = self.command_rx.recv().await {
self.handle_command(cmd).await;
}
}
/// Handle a worker command.
///
/// If handling the command fails, it is automatically retried. All command handlers return
/// [`K8sError`], so we can reasonably assume that a failure is caused by issues communicating
/// with the K8S server and that retrying resolves them eventually.
async fn handle_command(&mut self, cmd: WorkerCommand) {
async fn retry<F, U, R>(f: F, cmd_type: &str) -> R
where
F: Fn() -> U,
U: Future<Output = Result<R, K8sError>>,
{
Retry::default()
.clamp_backoff(Duration::from_secs(10))
.retry_async(|_| {
f().map_err(
|error| tracing::error!(%cmd_type, "orchestrator call failed: {error}"),
)
})
.await
.expect("always retries on error")
}
use WorkerCommand::*;
match cmd {
EnsureService { desc } => retry(|| self.ensure_service(&desc), "EnsureService").await,
DropService { name } => retry(|| self.drop_service(&name), "DropService").await,
ListServices {
namespace,
result_tx,
} => {
let result = retry(|| self.list_services(&namespace), "ListServices").await;
let _ = result_tx.send(result);
}
FetchServiceMetrics {
name,
info,
result_tx,
} => {
let result = self.fetch_service_metrics(&name, &info).await;
let _ = result_tx.send(result);
}
}
}
async fn fetch_service_metrics(
&self,
name: &str,
info: &ServiceInfo,
) -> Vec<ServiceProcessMetrics> {
/// Get metrics for a particular service and process, converting them into a sane (i.e., numeric) format.
///
/// Note that we want to keep going even if a lookup fails for whatever reason,
/// so this function is infallible. If we fail to get cpu or memory for a particular pod,
/// we just log a warning and install `None` in the returned struct.
async fn get_metrics(
self_: &OrchestratorWorker,
service_name: &str,
i: usize,
disk: bool,
disk_limit: Option<DiskLimit>,
) -> ServiceProcessMetrics {
let name = format!("{service_name}-{i}");
let disk_usage_fut = async {
if disk {
Some(
self_
.custom_metrics_api
.get_subresource(
"kubelet_volume_stats_used_bytes",
// The CSI provider we use sets up persistentvolumeclaim's
// with `{pod name}-scratch` as the name. It also provides
// the metrics, and does so under the `persistentvolumeclaims`
// resource type, instead of `pods`.
&format!("{name}-scratch"),
)
.await,
)
} else {
None
}
};
let disk_capacity_fut = async {
if disk {
Some(
self_
.custom_metrics_api
.get_subresource(
"kubelet_volume_stats_capacity_bytes",
&format!("{name}-scratch"),
)
.await,
)
} else {
None
}
};
let (metrics, disk_usage, disk_capacity) = match futures::future::join3(
self_.metrics_api.get(&name),
disk_usage_fut,
disk_capacity_fut,
)
.await
{
(Ok(metrics), disk_usage, disk_capacity) => {
// TODO(guswynn): don't tolerate errors here, when we are more
// comfortable with `prometheus-adapter` in production
// (And we run it in ci).
let disk_usage = match disk_usage {
Some(Ok(disk_usage)) => Some(disk_usage),
Some(Err(e)) if !matches!(&e, K8sError::Api(e) if e.code == 404) => {
warn!(
"Failed to fetch `kubelet_volume_stats_used_bytes` for {name}: {e}"
);
None
}
_ => None,
};
let disk_capacity = match disk_capacity {
Some(Ok(disk_capacity)) => Some(disk_capacity),
Some(Err(e)) if !matches!(&e, K8sError::Api(e) if e.code == 404) => {
warn!("Failed to fetch `kubelet_volume_stats_capacity_bytes` for {name}: {e}");
None
}
_ => None,
};
(metrics, disk_usage, disk_capacity)
}
(Err(e), _, _) => {
warn!("Failed to get metrics for {name}: {e}");
return ServiceProcessMetrics::default();
}
};
let Some(PodMetricsContainer {
usage:
PodMetricsContainerUsage {
cpu: Quantity(cpu_str),
memory: Quantity(mem_str),
},
..
}) = metrics.containers.get(0)
else {
warn!("metrics result contained no containers for {name}");
return ServiceProcessMetrics::default();
};
let cpu = match parse_k8s_quantity(cpu_str) {
Ok(q) => match q.try_to_integer(-9, true) {
Some(i) => Some(i),
None => {
tracing::error!("CPU value {q:? }out of range");
None
}
},
Err(e) => {
tracing::error!("Failed to parse CPU value {cpu_str}: {e}");
None
}
};
let memory = match parse_k8s_quantity(mem_str) {
Ok(q) => match q.try_to_integer(0, false) {
Some(i) => Some(i),
None => {
tracing::error!("Memory value {q:?} out of range");
None
}
},
Err(e) => {
tracing::error!("Failed to parse memory value {mem_str}: {e}");
None
}
};
let disk_usage = match (disk_usage, disk_capacity) {
(Some(disk_usage_metrics), Some(disk_capacity_metrics)) => {
if !disk_usage_metrics.items.is_empty()
&& !disk_capacity_metrics.items.is_empty()
{
let disk_usage_str = &*disk_usage_metrics.items[0].value.0;
let disk_usage = match parse_k8s_quantity(disk_usage_str) {
Ok(q) => match q.try_to_integer(0, true) {
Some(i) => Some(i),
None => {
tracing::error!("Disk usage value {q:?} out of range");
None
}
},
Err(e) => {
tracing::error!(
"Failed to parse disk usage value {disk_usage_str}: {e}"
);
None
}
};
let disk_capacity_str = &*disk_capacity_metrics.items[0].value.0;
let disk_capacity = match parse_k8s_quantity(disk_capacity_str) {
Ok(q) => match q.try_to_integer(0, true) {
Some(i) => Some(i),
None => {
tracing::error!("Disk capacity value {q:?} out of range");
None
}
},
Err(e) => {
tracing::error!(
"Failed to parse disk capacity value {disk_capacity_str}: {e}"
);
None
}
};
// We only populate a `disk_usage` if we have all 5 of of:
// - a disk limit (so it must be an actual managed cluster with a real limit)
// - a reported disk capacity
// - a reported disk usage
//
// There are 3 weird cases we have to handle here:
// - Some instance types report a large disk capacity than the requested
// limit. We clamp those capacities to the limit, which means we can
// report 100% usage even if we have a bit of space left.
// - Other instances report a smaller disk capacity than the limit, due to
// overheads. In this case, we correct the usage by adding the overhead, so
// we report a more accurate usage number.
// - The disk limit can be more up-to-date (from `service_infos`) than the
// reported metric. In that case, we report the minimum of the usage
// and the limit, which means we can report 100% usage temporarily
// if a replica is sized down.
match (disk_usage, disk_capacity, disk_limit) {
(
Some(disk_usage),
Some(disk_capacity),
Some(DiskLimit(disk_limit)),
) => {
let disk_capacity = if disk_limit.0 < disk_capacity {
// We issue a debug message instead
// of a warning or error because all the
// above cases are relatively common.
tracing::debug!(
"disk capacity {} is larger than the disk limit {}; \
disk usage will indicate 100% full before the disk is truly full; \
as long as the delta is small this is not a cause for concern",
disk_capacity,
disk_limit.0
);
// Clamp to the limit.
disk_limit.0
} else {
disk_capacity
};
// If we overflow, just clamp to the disk limit
let disk_usage = (disk_limit.0 - disk_capacity)
.checked_add(disk_usage)
.unwrap_or(disk_limit.0);
// Clamp to the limit. Note that this can be clamped during
// replica resizes of if the disk usage is ABOVE the
// configured limit, as may occur on some instances.
Some(std::cmp::min(disk_usage, disk_limit.0))
}
_ => None,
}
} else {
None
}
}
_ => None,
};
ServiceProcessMetrics {
cpu_nano_cores: cpu,
memory_bytes: memory,
disk_usage_bytes: disk_usage,
}
}
let ret = futures::future::join_all(
(0..info.scale).map(|i| get_metrics(self, name, i.into(), info.disk, info.disk_limit)),
);
ret.await
}
async fn ensure_service(&self, desc: &ServiceDescription) -> Result<(), K8sError> {
self.service_api
.patch(
&desc.name,
&PatchParams::apply(FIELD_MANAGER).force(),
&Patch::Apply(desc.service.clone()),
)
.await?;
self.stateful_set_api
.patch(
&desc.name,
&PatchParams::apply(FIELD_MANAGER).force(),
&Patch::Apply(desc.stateful_set.clone()),
)
.await?;
// Explicitly delete any pods in the stateful set that don't match the
// template. In theory, Kubernetes would do this automatically, but
// in practice we have observed that it does not.
// See: https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/issues/67250
for pod_id in 0..desc.scale {
let pod_name = format!("{}-{pod_id}", desc.name);
let pod = match self.pod_api.get(&pod_name).await {
Ok(pod) => pod,
// Pod already doesn't exist.
Err(kube::Error::Api(e)) if e.code == 404 => continue,
Err(e) => return Err(e),
};
if pod.annotations().get(POD_TEMPLATE_HASH_ANNOTATION) != Some(&desc.pod_template_hash)
{
match self
.pod_api
.delete(&pod_name, &DeleteParams::default())
.await
{
Ok(_) => (),
// Pod got deleted while we were looking at it.
Err(kube::Error::Api(e)) if e.code == 404 => (),
Err(e) => return Err(e),
}
}
}
Ok(())
}
async fn drop_service(&self, name: &str) -> Result<(), K8sError> {
let res = self
.stateful_set_api
.delete(name, &DeleteParams::default())
.await;
match res {
Ok(_) => (),
Err(K8sError::Api(e)) if e.code == 404 => (),
Err(e) => return Err(e),
}
let res = self
.service_api
.delete(name, &DeleteParams::default())
.await;
match res {
Ok(_) => Ok(()),
Err(K8sError::Api(e)) if e.code == 404 => Ok(()),
Err(e) => Err(e),
}
}
async fn list_services(&self, namespace: &str) -> Result<Vec<String>, K8sError> {
let stateful_sets = self.stateful_set_api.list(&Default::default()).await?;
let name_prefix = format!("{namespace}-");
Ok(stateful_sets
.into_iter()
.filter_map(|ss| {
ss.metadata
.name
.unwrap()
.strip_prefix(&name_prefix)
.map(Into::into)
})
.collect())
}
}
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
struct KubernetesService {
hosts: Vec<String>,
ports: BTreeMap<String, u16>,
}
impl Service for KubernetesService {
fn addresses(&self, port: &str) -> Vec<String> {
let port = self.ports[port];
self.hosts
.iter()
.map(|host| format!("{host}:{port}"))
.collect()
}
}