mz_avro/

schema.rs

// Copyright 2018 Flavien Raynaud.
// Copyright Materialize, Inc. and contributors. All rights reserved.
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License in the LICENSE file at the
// root of this repository, or online at
//
//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
//
// This file is derived from the avro-rs project, available at
// https://github.com/flavray/avro-rs. It was incorporated
// directly into Materialize on March 3, 2020.
//
// The original source code is subject to the terms of the MIT license, a copy
// of which can be found in the LICENSE file at the root of this repository.

//! Logic for parsing and interacting with schemas in Avro format.

use std::borrow::Cow;
use std::cell::RefCell;
use std::collections::btree_map::Entry;
use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet};
use std::fmt;
use std::rc::Rc;
use std::str::FromStr;
use std::sync::LazyLock;

use digest::Digest;
use itertools::Itertools;
use mz_ore::assert_none;
use regex::Regex;
use serde::ser::{SerializeMap, SerializeSeq};
use serde::{Serialize, Serializer};
use serde_json::{self, Map, Value};
use tracing::{debug, warn};

use crate::decode::build_ts_value;
use crate::error::Error as AvroError;
use crate::reader::SchemaResolver;
use crate::types::{self, DecimalValue, Value as AvroValue};
use crate::util::{MapHelper, TsUnit};

pub fn resolve_schemas(
    writer_schema: &Schema,
    reader_schema: &Schema,
) -> Result<Schema, AvroError> {
    let r_indices = reader_schema.indices.clone();
    let (reader_to_writer_names, writer_to_reader_names): (BTreeMap<_, _>, BTreeMap<_, _>) =
        writer_schema
            .indices
            .iter()
            .flat_map(|(name, widx)| {
                r_indices
                    .get(name)
                    .map(|ridx| ((*ridx, *widx), (*widx, *ridx)))
            })
            .unzip();
    let reader_fullnames = reader_schema
        .indices
        .iter()
        .map(|(f, i)| (*i, f))
        .collect::<BTreeMap<_, _>>();
    let mut resolver = SchemaResolver {
        named: Default::default(),
        indices: Default::default(),
        human_readable_field_path: Vec::new(),
        current_human_readable_path_start: 0,
        writer_to_reader_names,
        reader_to_writer_names,
        reader_to_resolved_names: Default::default(),
        reader_fullnames,
        reader_schema,
    };
    let writer_node = writer_schema.top_node_or_named();
    let reader_node = reader_schema.top_node_or_named();
    let inner = resolver.resolve(writer_node, reader_node)?;
    let sch = Schema {
        named: resolver.named.into_iter().map(Option::unwrap).collect(),
        indices: resolver.indices,
        top: inner,
    };
    Ok(sch)
}

/// Describes errors happened while parsing Avro schemas.
#[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
pub struct ParseSchemaError(String);

impl ParseSchemaError {
    pub fn new<S>(msg: S) -> ParseSchemaError
    where
        S: Into<String>,
    {
        ParseSchemaError(msg.into())
    }
}

impl fmt::Display for ParseSchemaError {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        self.0.fmt(f)
    }
}

impl std::error::Error for ParseSchemaError {}

/// Represents an Avro schema fingerprint
/// More information about Avro schema fingerprints can be found in the
/// [Avro Schema Resolution documentation](https://avro.apache.org/docs/++version++/specification/#schema-resolution)
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct SchemaFingerprint {
    pub bytes: Vec<u8>,
}

impl fmt::Display for SchemaFingerprint {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(
            f,
            "{}",
            self.bytes
                .iter()
                .map(|byte| format!("{:02x}", byte))
                .collect::<Vec<String>>()
                .join("")
        )
    }
}

#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
pub enum SchemaPieceOrNamed {
    Piece(SchemaPiece),
    Named(usize),
}
impl SchemaPieceOrNamed {
    pub fn get_human_name(&self, root: &Schema) -> String {
        match self {
            Self::Piece(piece) => format!("{:?}", piece),
            Self::Named(idx) => format!("{:?}", root.lookup(*idx).name),
        }
    }
    #[inline(always)]
    pub fn get_piece_and_name<'a>(
        &'a self,
        root: &'a Schema,
    ) -> (&'a SchemaPiece, Option<&'a FullName>) {
        self.as_ref().get_piece_and_name(root)
    }

    #[inline(always)]
    pub fn as_ref(&self) -> SchemaPieceRefOrNamed<'_> {
        match self {
            SchemaPieceOrNamed::Piece(piece) => SchemaPieceRefOrNamed::Piece(piece),
            SchemaPieceOrNamed::Named(index) => SchemaPieceRefOrNamed::Named(*index),
        }
    }
}

impl From<SchemaPiece> for SchemaPieceOrNamed {
    #[inline(always)]
    fn from(piece: SchemaPiece) -> Self {
        Self::Piece(piece)
    }
}

#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
pub enum SchemaPiece {
    /// A `null` Avro schema.
    Null,
    /// A `boolean` Avro schema.
    Boolean,
    /// An `int` Avro schema.
    Int,
    /// A `long` Avro schema.
    Long,
    /// A `float` Avro schema.
    Float,
    /// A `double` Avro schema.
    Double,
    /// An `Int` Avro schema with a semantic type being days since the unix epoch.
    Date,
    /// An `Int64` Avro schema with a semantic type being milliseconds since the unix epoch.
    ///
    /// <https://avro.apache.org/docs/++version++/specification/#time_ms>
    TimestampMilli,
    /// An `Int64` Avro schema with a semantic type being microseconds since the unix epoch.
    ///
    /// <https://avro.apache.org/docs/++version++/specification/#time-microsecond-precision>
    TimestampMicro,
    /// A `bytes` or `fixed` Avro schema with a logical type of `decimal` and
    /// the specified precision and scale.
    ///
    /// If the underlying type is `fixed`,
    /// the `fixed_size` field specifies the size.
    Decimal {
        precision: usize,
        scale: usize,
        fixed_size: Option<usize>,
    },
    /// A `bytes` Avro schema.
    /// `Bytes` represents a sequence of 8-bit unsigned bytes.
    Bytes,
    /// A `string` Avro schema.
    /// `String` represents a unicode character sequence.
    String,
    /// A `string` Avro schema that is tagged as representing JSON data
    Json,
    /// A `string` Avro schema with a logical type of `uuid`.
    Uuid,
    /// A `array` Avro schema. Avro arrays are required to have the same type for each element.
    /// This variant holds the `Schema` for the array element type.
    Array(Box<SchemaPieceOrNamed>),
    /// A `map` Avro schema.
    /// `Map` holds a pointer to the `Schema` of its values, which must all be the same schema.
    /// `Map` keys are assumed to be `string`.
    Map(Box<SchemaPieceOrNamed>),
    /// A `union` Avro schema.
    Union(UnionSchema),
    /// A value written as `int` and read as `long`,
    /// for the timestamp-millis logicalType.
    ResolveIntTsMilli,
    /// A value written as `int` and read as `long`,
    /// for the timestamp-micros logicalType.
    ResolveIntTsMicro,
    /// A value written as an `int` with `date` logical type,
    /// and read as any timestamp type
    ResolveDateTimestamp,
    /// A value written as `int` and read as `long`
    ResolveIntLong,
    /// A value written as `int` and read as `float`
    ResolveIntFloat,
    /// A value written as `int` and read as `double`
    ResolveIntDouble,
    /// A value written as `long` and read as `float`
    ResolveLongFloat,
    /// A value written as `long` and read as `double`
    ResolveLongDouble,
    /// A value written as `float` and read as `double`
    ResolveFloatDouble,
    /// A concrete (i.e., non-`union`) type in the writer,
    /// resolved against one specific variant of a `union` in the reader.
    ResolveConcreteUnion {
        /// The index of the variant in the reader
        index: usize,
        /// The concrete type
        inner: Box<SchemaPieceOrNamed>,
        n_reader_variants: usize,
        reader_null_variant: Option<usize>,
    },
    /// A union in the writer, resolved against a union in the reader.
    /// The two schemas may have different variants and the variants may be in a different order.
    ResolveUnionUnion {
        /// A mapping of the fields in the writer to those in the reader.
        /// If the `i`th element is `Err(e)`, the `i`th field in the writer
        /// did not match any field in the reader (or even if it matched by name, resolution failed).
        /// If the `i`th element is `Ok((j, piece))`, then the `i`th field of the writer
        /// matched the `j`th field of the reader, and `piece` is their resolved node.
        permutation: Vec<Result<(usize, SchemaPieceOrNamed), AvroError>>,
        n_reader_variants: usize,
        reader_null_variant: Option<usize>,
    },
    /// The inverse of `ResolveConcreteUnion`
    ResolveUnionConcrete {
        index: usize,
        inner: Box<SchemaPieceOrNamed>,
    },
    /// A `record` Avro schema.
    ///
    /// The `lookup` table maps field names to their position in the `Vec`
    /// of `fields`.
    Record {
        doc: Documentation,
        fields: Vec<RecordField>,
        lookup: BTreeMap<String, usize>,
    },
    /// An `enum` Avro schema.
    Enum {
        doc: Documentation,
        symbols: Vec<String>,
        /// The index of the default value.
        ///
        /// This is only used in schema resolution: it is the value that
        /// will be read by a reader when a writer writes a value that the reader
        /// does not expect.
        default_idx: Option<usize>,
    },
    /// A `fixed` Avro schema.
    Fixed { size: usize },
    /// A record in the writer, resolved against a record in the reader.
    /// The two schemas may have different fields and the fields may be in a different order.
    ResolveRecord {
        /// Fields that do not exist in the writer schema, but had a default
        /// value specified in the reader schema, which we use.
        defaults: Vec<ResolvedDefaultValueField>,
        /// Fields in the order of their appearance in the writer schema.
        /// `Present` if they could be resolved against a field in the reader schema;
        /// `Absent` otherwise.
        fields: Vec<ResolvedRecordField>,
        /// The size of `defaults`, plus the number of `Present` values in `fields`.
        n_reader_fields: usize,
    },
    /// An enum in the writer, resolved against an enum in the reader.
    /// The two schemas may have different values and the values may be in a different order.
    ResolveEnum {
        doc: Documentation,
        /// Symbols in order of the writer schema along with their index in the reader schema,
        /// or `Err(symbol_name)` if they don't exist in the reader schema.
        symbols: Vec<Result<(usize, String), String>>,
        /// The value to decode if the writer writes some value not expected by the reader.
        default: Option<(usize, String)>,
    },
}

impl SchemaPiece {
    /// Returns whether the schema node is "underlyingly" an Int (but possibly a logicalType typedef)
    pub fn is_underlying_int(&self) -> bool {
        self.try_make_int_value(0).is_some()
    }
    /// Returns whether the schema node is "underlyingly" an Int64 (but possibly a logicalType typedef)
    pub fn is_underlying_long(&self) -> bool {
        self.try_make_long_value(0).is_some()
    }
    /// Constructs an `avro::Value` if this is of underlying int type.
    /// Guaranteed to be `Some` when `is_underlying_int` is `true`.
    pub fn try_make_int_value(&self, int: i32) -> Option<Result<AvroValue, AvroError>> {
        match self {
            SchemaPiece::Int => Some(Ok(AvroValue::Int(int))),
            // TODO[btv] - should we bounds-check the date here? We
            // don't elsewhere... maybe we should everywhere.
            SchemaPiece::Date => Some(Ok(AvroValue::Date(int))),
            _ => None,
        }
    }
    /// Constructs an `avro::Value` if this is of underlying long type.
    /// Guaranteed to be `Some` when `is_underlying_long` is `true`.
    pub fn try_make_long_value(&self, long: i64) -> Option<Result<AvroValue, AvroError>> {
        match self {
            SchemaPiece::Long => Some(Ok(AvroValue::Long(long))),
            SchemaPiece::TimestampMilli => Some(build_ts_value(long, TsUnit::Millis)),
            SchemaPiece::TimestampMicro => Some(build_ts_value(long, TsUnit::Micros)),
            _ => None,
        }
    }
}

/// Represents any valid Avro schema
/// More information about Avro schemas can be found in the
/// [Avro Specification](https://avro.apache.org/docs/++version++/specification/#schema-declaration)
#[derive(Clone, PartialEq)]
pub struct Schema {
    pub(crate) named: Vec<NamedSchemaPiece>,
    pub(crate) indices: BTreeMap<FullName, usize>,
    pub top: SchemaPieceOrNamed,
}

impl ToString for Schema {
    fn to_string(&self) -> String {
        let json = serde_json::to_value(self).unwrap();
        json.to_string()
    }
}

impl std::fmt::Debug for Schema {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        if f.alternate() {
            f.write_str(
                &serde_json::to_string_pretty(self)
                    .unwrap_or_else(|e| format!("failed to serialize: {}", e)),
            )
        } else {
            f.write_str(
                &serde_json::to_string(self)
                    .unwrap_or_else(|e| format!("failed to serialize: {}", e)),
            )
        }
    }
}

impl Schema {
    pub fn top_node(&self) -> SchemaNode<'_> {
        let (inner, name) = self.top.get_piece_and_name(self);
        SchemaNode {
            root: self,
            inner,
            name,
        }
    }
    pub fn top_node_or_named(&self) -> SchemaNodeOrNamed<'_> {
        SchemaNodeOrNamed {
            root: self,
            inner: self.top.as_ref(),
        }
    }
    pub fn lookup(&self, idx: usize) -> &NamedSchemaPiece {
        &self.named[idx]
    }
    pub fn try_lookup_name(&self, name: &FullName) -> Option<&NamedSchemaPiece> {
        self.indices.get(name).map(|&idx| &self.named[idx])
    }
}

/// This type is used to simplify enum variant comparison between `Schema` and `types::Value`.
///
/// **NOTE** This type was introduced due to a limitation of `mem::discriminant` requiring a _value_
/// be constructed in order to get the discriminant, which makes it difficult to implement a
/// function that maps from `Discriminant<Schema> -> Discriminant<Value>`. Conversion into this
/// intermediate type should be especially fast, as the number of enum variants is small, which
/// _should_ compile into a jump-table for the conversion.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
pub enum SchemaKind {
    // Fixed-length types
    Null,
    Boolean,
    Int,
    Long,
    Float,
    Double,
    // Variable-length types
    Bytes,
    String,
    Array,
    Map,
    Union,
    Record,
    Enum,
    Fixed,
    // This can arise in resolved schemas, particularly when a union resolves to a non-union.
    // We would need to do a lookup to find the actual type.
    Unknown,
}

impl SchemaKind {
    pub fn name(self) -> &'static str {
        match self {
            SchemaKind::Null => "null",
            SchemaKind::Boolean => "boolean",
            SchemaKind::Int => "int",
            SchemaKind::Long => "long",
            SchemaKind::Float => "float",
            SchemaKind::Double => "double",
            SchemaKind::Bytes => "bytes",
            SchemaKind::String => "string",
            SchemaKind::Array => "array",
            SchemaKind::Map => "map",
            SchemaKind::Union => "union",
            SchemaKind::Record => "record",
            SchemaKind::Enum => "enum",
            SchemaKind::Fixed => "fixed",
            SchemaKind::Unknown => "unknown",
        }
    }
}

impl<'a> From<&'a SchemaPiece> for SchemaKind {
    #[inline(always)]
    fn from(piece: &'a SchemaPiece) -> SchemaKind {
        match piece {
            SchemaPiece::Null => SchemaKind::Null,
            SchemaPiece::Boolean => SchemaKind::Boolean,
            SchemaPiece::Int => SchemaKind::Int,
            SchemaPiece::Long => SchemaKind::Long,
            SchemaPiece::Float => SchemaKind::Float,
            SchemaPiece::Double => SchemaKind::Double,
            SchemaPiece::Date => SchemaKind::Int,
            SchemaPiece::TimestampMilli
            | SchemaPiece::TimestampMicro
            | SchemaPiece::ResolveIntTsMilli
            | SchemaPiece::ResolveDateTimestamp
            | SchemaPiece::ResolveIntTsMicro => SchemaKind::Long,
            SchemaPiece::Decimal {
                fixed_size: None, ..
            } => SchemaKind::Bytes,
            SchemaPiece::Decimal {
                fixed_size: Some(_),
                ..
            } => SchemaKind::Fixed,
            SchemaPiece::Bytes => SchemaKind::Bytes,
            SchemaPiece::String => SchemaKind::String,
            SchemaPiece::Array(_) => SchemaKind::Array,
            SchemaPiece::Map(_) => SchemaKind::Map,
            SchemaPiece::Union(_) => SchemaKind::Union,
            SchemaPiece::ResolveUnionUnion { .. } => SchemaKind::Union,
            SchemaPiece::ResolveIntLong => SchemaKind::Long,
            SchemaPiece::ResolveIntFloat => SchemaKind::Float,
            SchemaPiece::ResolveIntDouble => SchemaKind::Double,
            SchemaPiece::ResolveLongFloat => SchemaKind::Float,
            SchemaPiece::ResolveLongDouble => SchemaKind::Double,
            SchemaPiece::ResolveFloatDouble => SchemaKind::Double,
            SchemaPiece::ResolveConcreteUnion { .. } => SchemaKind::Union,
            SchemaPiece::ResolveUnionConcrete { inner: _, .. } => SchemaKind::Unknown,
            SchemaPiece::Record { .. } => SchemaKind::Record,
            SchemaPiece::Enum { .. } => SchemaKind::Enum,
            SchemaPiece::Fixed { .. } => SchemaKind::Fixed,
            SchemaPiece::ResolveRecord { .. } => SchemaKind::Record,
            SchemaPiece::ResolveEnum { .. } => SchemaKind::Enum,
            SchemaPiece::Json => SchemaKind::String,
            SchemaPiece::Uuid => SchemaKind::String,
        }
    }
}

impl<'a> From<SchemaNode<'a>> for SchemaKind {
    #[inline(always)]
    fn from(schema: SchemaNode<'a>) -> SchemaKind {
        SchemaKind::from(schema.inner)
    }
}

impl<'a> From<&'a Schema> for SchemaKind {
    #[inline(always)]
    fn from(schema: &'a Schema) -> SchemaKind {
        Self::from(schema.top_node())
    }
}

/// Represents names for `record`, `enum` and `fixed` Avro schemas.
///
/// Each of these `Schema`s have a `fullname` composed of two parts:
///   * a name
///   * a namespace
///
/// `aliases` can also be defined, to facilitate schema evolution.
///
/// More information about schema names can be found in the
/// [Avro specification](https://avro.apache.org/docs/++version++/specification/#names)
#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
pub struct Name {
    pub name: String,
    pub namespace: Option<String>,
    pub aliases: Option<Vec<String>>,
}

#[derive(Clone, Hash, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
pub struct FullName {
    name: String,
    namespace: String,
}

impl FullName {
    // [XXX] btv - what happens if `name` contains dots, _and_ `namespace` is `Some` ?
    pub fn from_parts(name: &str, namespace: Option<&str>, default_namespace: &str) -> FullName {
        if let Some(ns) = namespace {
            FullName {
                name: name.to_owned(),
                namespace: ns.to_owned(),
            }
        } else {
            let mut split = name.rsplitn(2, '.');
            let name = split.next().unwrap();
            let namespace = split.next().unwrap_or(default_namespace);

            FullName {
                name: name.into(),
                namespace: namespace.into(),
            }
        }
    }
    pub fn base_name(&self) -> &str {
        &self.name
    }
    pub fn human_name(&self) -> String {
        if self.namespace.is_empty() {
            return self.name.clone();
        }
        format!("{}.{}", self.namespace, self.name)
    }
    /// Get the shortest unambiguous synonym of this name
    /// at a given point in the schema graph. If this name
    /// is in the same namespace as the enclosing node, this
    /// returns the short name; otherwise, it returns the fully qualified name.
    pub fn short_name(&self, enclosing_ns: &str) -> Cow<'_, str> {
        if enclosing_ns == &self.namespace {
            Cow::Borrowed(&self.name)
        } else {
            Cow::Owned(format!("{}.{}", self.namespace, self.name))
        }
    }
    /// Returns the namespace of the name
    pub fn namespace(&self) -> &str {
        &self.namespace
    }
}

impl fmt::Debug for FullName {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(f, "{}.{}", self.namespace, self.name)
    }
}

/// Represents documentation for complex Avro schemas.
pub type Documentation = Option<String>;

impl Name {
    /// Reports whether the given string is a valid Avro name.
    ///
    /// See: <https://avro.apache.org/docs/++version++/specification/#names>
    pub fn is_valid(name: &str) -> bool {
        static MATCHER: LazyLock<Regex> =
            LazyLock::new(|| Regex::new(r"(^[A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*)$").unwrap());
        MATCHER.is_match(name)
    }

    /// Returns an error if the given name is invalid.
    pub fn validate(name: &str) -> Result<(), AvroError> {
        match Self::is_valid(name) {
            true => Ok(()),
            false => {
                Err(ParseSchemaError::new(format!(
                    "Invalid name. Must start with [A-Za-z_] and subsequently only contain [A-Za-z0-9_]. Found: {}",
                    name
                )).into())
            }
        }
    }

    /// Rewrites `name` to be valid.
    ///
    /// Any non alphanumeric characters are replaced with underscores. If the
    /// name begins with a number, it is prefixed with `_`.
    ///
    /// `make_valid` is not injective. Multiple invalid names are mapped to the
    /// the same valid name.
    pub fn make_valid(name: &str) -> String {
        let mut out = String::new();
        let mut chars = name.chars();
        match chars.next() {
            Some(ch @ ('a'..='z' | 'A'..='Z')) => out.push(ch),
            Some(ch @ '0'..='9') => {
                out.push('_');
                out.push(ch);
            }
            _ => out.push('_'),
        }
        for ch in chars {
            match ch {
                '0'..='9' | 'a'..='z' | 'A'..='Z' => out.push(ch),
                _ => out.push('_'),
            }
        }
        debug_assert!(
            Name::is_valid(&out),
            "make_valid({name}) produced invalid name: {out}"
        );
        out
    }

    /// Parse a `serde_json::map::Map` into a `Name`.
    pub fn parse(complex: &Map<String, Value>) -> Result<Self, AvroError> {
        let name = complex
            .name()
            .ok_or_else(|| ParseSchemaError::new("No `name` field"))?;
        if name.is_empty() {
            return Err(ParseSchemaError::new(format!(
                "Name cannot be the empty string: {:?}",
                complex
            ))
            .into());
        }

        let (namespace, name) = if let Some(index) = name.rfind('.') {
            let computed_namespace = name[..index].to_owned();
            let computed_name = name[index + 1..].to_owned();
            if let Some(provided_namespace) = complex.string("namespace") {
                if provided_namespace != computed_namespace {
                    warn!(
                        "Found dots in name {}, updating to namespace {} and name {}",
                        name, computed_namespace, computed_name
                    );
                }
            }
            (Some(computed_namespace), computed_name)
        } else {
            (complex.string("namespace"), name)
        };

        Self::validate(&name)?;

        let aliases: Option<Vec<String>> = complex
            .get("aliases")
            .and_then(|aliases| aliases.as_array())
            .and_then(|aliases| {
                aliases
                    .iter()
                    .map(|alias| alias.as_str())
                    .map(|alias| alias.map(|a| a.to_string()))
                    .collect::<Option<_>>()
            });

        Ok(Name {
            name,
            namespace,
            aliases,
        })
    }

    /// Parses a name from a simple string.
    pub fn parse_simple(name: &str) -> Result<Self, AvroError> {
        let mut map = serde_json::map::Map::new();
        map.insert("name".into(), serde_json::Value::String(name.into()));
        Self::parse(&map)
    }

    /// Return the `fullname` of this `Name`
    ///
    /// More information about fullnames can be found in the
    /// [Avro specification](https://avro.apache.org/docs/++version++/specification/#names)
    pub fn fullname(&self, default_namespace: &str) -> FullName {
        FullName::from_parts(&self.name, self.namespace.as_deref(), default_namespace)
    }
}

#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
pub struct ResolvedDefaultValueField {
    pub name: String,
    pub doc: Documentation,
    pub default: types::Value,
    pub order: RecordFieldOrder,
    pub position: usize,
}

#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
pub enum ResolvedRecordField {
    Absent(Schema),
    Present(RecordField),
}

/// Represents a `field` in a `record` Avro schema.
#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
pub struct RecordField {
    /// Name of the field.
    pub name: String,
    /// Documentation of the field.
    pub doc: Documentation,
    /// Default value of the field.
    /// This value will be used when reading Avro datum if schema resolution
    /// is enabled.
    pub default: Option<Value>,
    /// Schema of the field.
    pub schema: SchemaPieceOrNamed,
    /// Order of the field.
    ///
    /// **NOTE** This currently has no effect.
    pub order: RecordFieldOrder,
    /// Position of the field in the list of `field` of its parent `Schema`
    pub position: usize,
}

/// Represents any valid order for a `field` in a `record` Avro schema.
#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
pub enum RecordFieldOrder {
    Ascending,
    Descending,
    Ignore,
}

impl RecordField {}

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct UnionSchema {
    schemas: Vec<SchemaPieceOrNamed>,

    // Used to ensure uniqueness of anonymous schema inputs, and provide constant time finding of the
    // schema index given a value.
    anon_variant_index: BTreeMap<SchemaKind, usize>,

    // Same as above, for named input references
    named_variant_index: BTreeMap<usize, usize>,
}

impl UnionSchema {
    pub(crate) fn new(schemas: Vec<SchemaPieceOrNamed>) -> Result<Self, AvroError> {
        let mut avindex = BTreeMap::new();
        let mut nvindex = BTreeMap::new();
        for (i, schema) in schemas.iter().enumerate() {
            match schema {
                SchemaPieceOrNamed::Piece(sp) => {
                    if let SchemaPiece::Union(_) = sp {
                        return Err(ParseSchemaError::new(
                            "Unions may not directly contain a union",
                        )
                        .into());
                    }
                    let kind = SchemaKind::from(sp);
                    if avindex.insert(kind, i).is_some() {
                        return Err(
                            ParseSchemaError::new("Unions cannot contain duplicate types").into(),
                        );
                    }
                }
                SchemaPieceOrNamed::Named(idx) => {
                    if nvindex.insert(*idx, i).is_some() {
                        return Err(
                            ParseSchemaError::new("Unions cannot contain duplicate types").into(),
                        );
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        Ok(UnionSchema {
            schemas,
            anon_variant_index: avindex,
            named_variant_index: nvindex,
        })
    }

    /// Returns a slice to all variants of this schema.
    pub fn variants(&self) -> &[SchemaPieceOrNamed] {
        &self.schemas
    }

    /// Returns a mutable slice to all variants of this schema.
    pub fn variants_mut(&mut self) -> &mut [SchemaPieceOrNamed] {
        &mut self.schemas
    }

    /// Returns true if the first variant of this `UnionSchema` is `Null`.
    pub fn is_nullable(&self) -> bool {
        !self.schemas.is_empty() && self.schemas[0] == SchemaPieceOrNamed::Piece(SchemaPiece::Null)
    }

    pub fn match_piece(&self, sp: &SchemaPiece) -> Option<(usize, &SchemaPieceOrNamed)> {
        self.anon_variant_index
            .get(&SchemaKind::from(sp))
            .map(|idx| (*idx, &self.schemas[*idx]))
    }

    pub fn match_ref(
        &self,
        other: SchemaPieceRefOrNamed,
        names_map: &BTreeMap<usize, usize>,
    ) -> Option<(usize, &SchemaPieceOrNamed)> {
        match other {
            SchemaPieceRefOrNamed::Piece(sp) => self.match_piece(sp),
            SchemaPieceRefOrNamed::Named(idx) => names_map
                .get(&idx)
                .and_then(|idx| self.named_variant_index.get(idx))
                .map(|idx| (*idx, &self.schemas[*idx])),
        }
    }

    #[inline(always)]
    pub fn match_(
        &self,
        other: &SchemaPieceOrNamed,
        names_map: &BTreeMap<usize, usize>,
    ) -> Option<(usize, &SchemaPieceOrNamed)> {
        self.match_ref(other.as_ref(), names_map)
    }
}

// No need to compare variant_index, it is derivative of schemas.
impl PartialEq for UnionSchema {
    fn eq(&self, other: &UnionSchema) -> bool {
        self.schemas.eq(&other.schemas)
    }
}

#[derive(Default)]
struct SchemaParser {
    named: Vec<Option<NamedSchemaPiece>>,
    indices: BTreeMap<FullName, usize>,
}

impl SchemaParser {
    fn parse(mut self, value: &Value) -> Result<Schema, AvroError> {
        let top = self.parse_inner("", value)?;
        let SchemaParser { named, indices } = self;
        Ok(Schema {
            named: named.into_iter().map(|o| o.unwrap()).collect(),
            indices,
            top,
        })
    }

    fn parse_inner(
        &mut self,
        default_namespace: &str,
        value: &Value,
    ) -> Result<SchemaPieceOrNamed, AvroError> {
        match *value {
            Value::String(ref t) => {
                let name = FullName::from_parts(t.as_str(), None, default_namespace);
                if let Some(idx) = self.indices.get(&name) {
                    Ok(SchemaPieceOrNamed::Named(*idx))
                } else {
                    Ok(SchemaPieceOrNamed::Piece(Schema::parse_primitive(
                        t.as_str(),
                    )?))
                }
            }
            Value::Object(ref data) => self.parse_complex(default_namespace, data),
            Value::Array(ref data) => Ok(SchemaPieceOrNamed::Piece(
                self.parse_union(default_namespace, data)?,
            )),
            _ => Err(ParseSchemaError::new("Must be a JSON string, object or array").into()),
        }
    }

    fn alloc_name(&mut self, fullname: FullName) -> Result<usize, AvroError> {
        let idx = match self.indices.entry(fullname) {
            Entry::Vacant(ve) => *ve.insert(self.named.len()),
            Entry::Occupied(oe) => {
                return Err(ParseSchemaError::new(format!(
                    "Sub-schema with name {:?} encountered multiple times",
                    oe.key()
                ))
                .into());
            }
        };
        self.named.push(None);
        Ok(idx)
    }

    fn insert(&mut self, index: usize, schema: NamedSchemaPiece) {
        assert_none!(self.named[index]);
        self.named[index] = Some(schema);
    }

    fn parse_named_type(
        &mut self,
        type_name: &str,
        default_namespace: &str,
        complex: &Map<String, Value>,
    ) -> Result<usize, AvroError> {
        let name = Name::parse(complex)?;
        match name.name.as_str() {
            "null" | "boolean" | "int" | "long" | "float" | "double" | "bytes" | "string" => {
                return Err(ParseSchemaError::new(format!(
                    "{} may not be used as a custom type name",
                    name.name
                ))
                .into());
            }
            _ => {}
        };
        let fullname = name.fullname(default_namespace);
        let default_namespace = fullname.namespace.clone();
        let idx = self.alloc_name(fullname.clone())?;
        let piece = match type_name {
            "record" => self.parse_record(&default_namespace, complex),
            "enum" => self.parse_enum(complex),
            "fixed" => self.parse_fixed(&default_namespace, complex),
            _ => unreachable!("Unknown named type kind: {}", type_name),
        }?;

        self.insert(
            idx,
            NamedSchemaPiece {
                name: fullname,
                piece,
            },
        );

        Ok(idx)
    }

    /// Parse a `serde_json::Value` representing a complex Avro type into a
    /// `Schema`.
    ///
    /// Avro supports "recursive" definition of types.
    /// e.g: {"type": {"type": "string"}}
    fn parse_complex(
        &mut self,
        default_namespace: &str,
        complex: &Map<String, Value>,
    ) -> Result<SchemaPieceOrNamed, AvroError> {
        match complex.get("type") {
            Some(&Value::String(ref t)) => Ok(match t.as_str() {
                "record" | "enum" | "fixed" => SchemaPieceOrNamed::Named(self.parse_named_type(
                    t,
                    default_namespace,
                    complex,
                )?),
                "array" => SchemaPieceOrNamed::Piece(self.parse_array(default_namespace, complex)?),
                "map" => SchemaPieceOrNamed::Piece(self.parse_map(default_namespace, complex)?),
                "bytes" => SchemaPieceOrNamed::Piece(Self::parse_bytes(complex)?),
                "int" => SchemaPieceOrNamed::Piece(Self::parse_int(complex)?),
                "long" => SchemaPieceOrNamed::Piece(Self::parse_long(complex)?),
                "string" => SchemaPieceOrNamed::Piece(Self::from_string(complex)),
                other => {
                    let name = FullName {
                        name: other.into(),
                        namespace: default_namespace.into(),
                    };
                    if let Some(idx) = self.indices.get(&name) {
                        SchemaPieceOrNamed::Named(*idx)
                    } else {
                        SchemaPieceOrNamed::Piece(Schema::parse_primitive(t.as_str())?)
                    }
                }
            }),
            Some(&Value::Object(ref data)) => match data.get("type") {
                Some(value) => self.parse_inner(default_namespace, value),
                None => Err(
                    ParseSchemaError::new(format!("Unknown complex type: {:?}", complex)).into(),
                ),
            },
            _ => Err(ParseSchemaError::new("No `type` in complex type").into()),
        }
    }

    /// Parse a `serde_json::Value` representing a Avro record type into a
    /// `Schema`.
    fn parse_record(
        &mut self,
        default_namespace: &str,
        complex: &Map<String, Value>,
    ) -> Result<SchemaPiece, AvroError> {
        let mut lookup = BTreeMap::new();

        let fields: Vec<RecordField> = complex
            .get("fields")
            .and_then(|fields| fields.as_array())
            .ok_or_else(|| ParseSchemaError::new("No `fields` in record").into())
            .and_then(|fields| {
                fields
                    .iter()
                    .filter_map(|field| field.as_object())
                    .enumerate()
                    .map(|(position, field)| {
                        self.parse_record_field(default_namespace, field, position)
                    })
                    .collect::<Result<_, _>>()
            })?;

        for field in &fields {
            lookup.insert(field.name.clone(), field.position);
        }

        Ok(SchemaPiece::Record {
            doc: complex.doc(),
            fields,
            lookup,
        })
    }

    /// Parse a `serde_json::Value` into a `RecordField`.
    fn parse_record_field(
        &mut self,
        default_namespace: &str,
        field: &Map<String, Value>,
        position: usize,
    ) -> Result<RecordField, AvroError> {
        let name = field
            .name()
            .ok_or_else(|| ParseSchemaError::new("No `name` in record field"))?;

        Name::validate(&name)?;

        let schema = field
            .get("type")
            .ok_or_else(|| ParseSchemaError::new("No `type` in record field").into())
            .and_then(|type_| self.parse_inner(default_namespace, type_))?;

        let default = field.get("default").cloned();

        let order = field
            .get("order")
            .and_then(|order| order.as_str())
            .and_then(|order| match order {
                "ascending" => Some(RecordFieldOrder::Ascending),
                "descending" => Some(RecordFieldOrder::Descending),
                "ignore" => Some(RecordFieldOrder::Ignore),
                _ => None,
            })
            .unwrap_or(RecordFieldOrder::Ascending);

        Ok(RecordField {
            name,
            doc: field.doc(),
            default,
            schema,
            order,
            position,
        })
    }

    /// Parse a `serde_json::Value` representing a Avro enum type into a
    /// `Schema`.
    fn parse_enum(&self, complex: &Map<String, Value>) -> Result<SchemaPiece, AvroError> {
        let symbols: Vec<String> = complex
            .get("symbols")
            .and_then(|v| v.as_array())
            .ok_or_else(|| ParseSchemaError::new("No `symbols` field in enum"))
            .and_then(|symbols| {
                symbols
                    .iter()
                    .map(|symbol| symbol.as_str().map(|s| s.to_string()))
                    .collect::<Option<_>>()
                    .ok_or_else(|| ParseSchemaError::new("Unable to parse `symbols` in enum"))
            })?;

        let mut unique_symbols: BTreeSet<&String> = BTreeSet::new();
        for symbol in symbols.iter() {
            if unique_symbols.contains(symbol) {
                return Err(ParseSchemaError::new(format!(
                    "Enum symbols must be unique, found multiple: {}",
                    symbol
                ))
                .into());
            } else {
                unique_symbols.insert(symbol);
            }
        }

        let default_idx = if let Some(default) = complex.get("default") {
            let default_str = default.as_str().ok_or_else(|| {
                ParseSchemaError::new(format!(
                    "Enum default should be a string, got: {:?}",
                    default
                ))
            })?;
            let default_idx = symbols
                .iter()
                .position(|x| x == default_str)
                .ok_or_else(|| {
                    ParseSchemaError::new(format!(
                        "Enum default not found in list of symbols: {}",
                        default_str
                    ))
                })?;
            Some(default_idx)
        } else {
            None
        };

        Ok(SchemaPiece::Enum {
            doc: complex.doc(),
            symbols,
            default_idx,
        })
    }

    /// Parse a `serde_json::Value` representing a Avro array type into a
    /// `Schema`.
    fn parse_array(
        &mut self,
        default_namespace: &str,
        complex: &Map<String, Value>,
    ) -> Result<SchemaPiece, AvroError> {
        complex
            .get("items")
            .ok_or_else(|| ParseSchemaError::new("No `items` in array").into())
            .and_then(|items| self.parse_inner(default_namespace, items))
            .map(|schema| SchemaPiece::Array(Box::new(schema)))
    }

    /// Parse a `serde_json::Value` representing a Avro map type into a
    /// `Schema`.
    fn parse_map(
        &mut self,
        default_namespace: &str,
        complex: &Map<String, Value>,
    ) -> Result<SchemaPiece, AvroError> {
        complex
            .get("values")
            .ok_or_else(|| ParseSchemaError::new("No `values` in map").into())
            .and_then(|items| self.parse_inner(default_namespace, items))
            .map(|schema| SchemaPiece::Map(Box::new(schema)))
    }

    /// Parse a `serde_json::Value` representing a Avro union type into a
    /// `Schema`.
    fn parse_union(
        &mut self,
        default_namespace: &str,
        items: &[Value],
    ) -> Result<SchemaPiece, AvroError> {
        items
            .iter()
            .map(|value| self.parse_inner(default_namespace, value))
            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()
            .and_then(|schemas| Ok(SchemaPiece::Union(UnionSchema::new(schemas)?)))
    }

    /// Parse a `serde_json::Value` representing a logical decimal type into a
    /// `Schema`.
    fn parse_decimal(complex: &Map<String, Value>) -> Result<(usize, usize), AvroError> {
        let precision = complex
            .get("precision")
            .and_then(|v| v.as_i64())
            .ok_or_else(|| ParseSchemaError::new("No `precision` in decimal"))?;

        let scale = complex.get("scale").and_then(|v| v.as_i64()).unwrap_or(0);

        if scale < 0 {
            return Err(ParseSchemaError::new("Decimal scale must be greater than zero").into());
        }

        if precision < 0 {
            return Err(
                ParseSchemaError::new("Decimal precision must be greater than zero").into(),
            );
        }

        if scale > precision {
            return Err(ParseSchemaError::new("Decimal scale is greater than precision").into());
        }

        Ok((precision as usize, scale as usize))
    }

    /// Parse a `serde_json::Value` representing an Avro bytes type into a
    /// `Schema`.
    fn parse_bytes(complex: &Map<String, Value>) -> Result<SchemaPiece, AvroError> {
        let logical_type = complex.get("logicalType").and_then(|v| v.as_str());

        if let Some("decimal") = logical_type {
            match Self::parse_decimal(complex) {
                Ok((precision, scale)) => {
                    return Ok(SchemaPiece::Decimal {
                        precision,
                        scale,
                        fixed_size: None,
                    });
                }
                Err(e) => warn!(
                    "parsing decimal as regular bytes due to parse error: {:?}, {:?}",
                    complex, e
                ),
            }
        }

        Ok(SchemaPiece::Bytes)
    }

    /// Parse a [`serde_json::Value`] representing an Avro Int type
    ///
    /// If the complex type has a `connect.name` tag (as [emitted by
    /// Debezium][1]) that matches a `Date` tag, we specify that the correct
    /// schema to use is `Date`.
    ///
    /// [1]: https://debezium.io/docs/connectors/mysql/#temporal-values
    fn parse_int(complex: &Map<String, Value>) -> Result<SchemaPiece, AvroError> {
        const AVRO_DATE: &str = "date";
        const DEBEZIUM_DATE: &str = "io.debezium.time.Date";
        const KAFKA_DATE: &str = "org.apache.kafka.connect.data.Date";
        if let Some(name) = complex.get("connect.name") {
            if name == DEBEZIUM_DATE || name == KAFKA_DATE {
                if name == KAFKA_DATE {
                    warn!("using deprecated debezium date format");
                }
                return Ok(SchemaPiece::Date);
            }
        }
        // Put this after the custom semantic types so that the debezium
        // warning is emitted, since the logicalType tag shows up in the
        // deprecated debezium format :-/
        if let Some(name) = complex.get("logicalType") {
            if name == AVRO_DATE {
                return Ok(SchemaPiece::Date);
            }
        }
        if !complex.is_empty() {
            debug!("parsing complex type as regular int: {:?}", complex);
        }
        Ok(SchemaPiece::Int)
    }

    /// Parse a [`serde_json::Value`] representing an Avro Int64/Long type
    ///
    /// The debezium/kafka types are document at [the debezium site][1], and the
    /// avro ones are documented at [Avro][2].
    ///
    /// [1]: https://debezium.io/docs/connectors/mysql/#temporal-values
    /// [2]: https://avro.apache.org/docs/++version++/specification/
    fn parse_long(complex: &Map<String, Value>) -> Result<SchemaPiece, AvroError> {
        const AVRO_MILLI_TS: &str = "timestamp-millis";
        const AVRO_MICRO_TS: &str = "timestamp-micros";

        const CONNECT_MILLI_TS: &[&str] = &[
            "io.debezium.time.Timestamp",
            "org.apache.kafka.connect.data.Timestamp",
        ];
        const CONNECT_MICRO_TS: &str = "io.debezium.time.MicroTimestamp";

        if let Some(serde_json::Value::String(name)) = complex.get("connect.name") {
            if CONNECT_MILLI_TS.contains(&&**name) {
                return Ok(SchemaPiece::TimestampMilli);
            }
            if name == CONNECT_MICRO_TS {
                return Ok(SchemaPiece::TimestampMicro);
            }
        }
        if let Some(name) = complex.get("logicalType") {
            if name == AVRO_MILLI_TS {
                return Ok(SchemaPiece::TimestampMilli);
            }
            if name == AVRO_MICRO_TS {
                return Ok(SchemaPiece::TimestampMicro);
            }
        }
        if !complex.is_empty() {
            debug!("parsing complex type as regular long: {:?}", complex);
        }
        Ok(SchemaPiece::Long)
    }

    fn from_string(complex: &Map<String, Value>) -> SchemaPiece {
        const CONNECT_JSON: &str = "io.debezium.data.Json";

        if let Some(serde_json::Value::String(name)) = complex.get("connect.name") {
            if CONNECT_JSON == name.as_str() {
                return SchemaPiece::Json;
            }
        }
        if let Some(name) = complex.get("logicalType") {
            if name == "uuid" {
                return SchemaPiece::Uuid;
            }
        }
        debug!("parsing complex type as regular string: {:?}", complex);
        SchemaPiece::String
    }

    /// Parse a `serde_json::Value` representing a Avro fixed type into a
    /// `Schema`.
    fn parse_fixed(
        &self,
        _default_namespace: &str,
        complex: &Map<String, Value>,
    ) -> Result<SchemaPiece, AvroError> {
        let _name = Name::parse(complex)?;

        let size = complex
            .get("size")
            .and_then(|v| v.as_i64())
            .ok_or_else(|| ParseSchemaError::new("No `size` in fixed"))?;
        if size <= 0 {
            return Err(ParseSchemaError::new(format!(
                "Fixed values require a positive size attribute, found: {}",
                size
            ))
            .into());
        }

        let logical_type = complex.get("logicalType").and_then(|v| v.as_str());

        if let Some("decimal") = logical_type {
            match Self::parse_decimal(complex) {
                Ok((precision, scale)) => {
                    let max = ((2_usize.pow((8 * size - 1) as u32) - 1) as f64).log10() as usize;
                    if precision > max {
                        warn!(
                            "Decimal precision {} requires more than {} bytes of space, parsing as fixed",
                            precision, size
                        );
                    } else {
                        return Ok(SchemaPiece::Decimal {
                            precision,
                            scale,
                            fixed_size: Some(size as usize),
                        });
                    }
                }
                Err(e) => warn!(
                    "parsing decimal as fixed due to parse error: {:?}, {:?}",
                    complex, e
                ),
            }
        }

        Ok(SchemaPiece::Fixed {
            size: size as usize,
        })
    }
}

impl Schema {
    /// Create a `Schema` from a `serde_json::Value` representing a JSON Avro
    /// schema.
    pub fn parse(value: &Value) -> Result<Self, AvroError> {
        Self::parse_with_references(value, &[])
    }

    /// Parse an JSON Avro schema with referenced named types.
    ///
    /// This is used when parsing a schema that references types defined in other
    /// schemas (Confluent Schema Registry schema references). Referenced schemas
    /// should be provided in dependency order (dependencies first).
    ///
    /// # Arguments
    ///
    /// * `primary` - The primary schema JSON value to parse
    /// * `reference_schemas` - Schemas whose named types should be available during parsing
    pub fn parse_with_references(
        primary: &Value,
        reference_schemas: &[Schema],
    ) -> Result<Self, AvroError> {
        // Collect and remap named types from all referenced schemas
        let (named, indices) = Self::collect_named_types(reference_schemas);

        // Create parser with pre-populated named types
        let p = SchemaParser {
            named: named.into_iter().map(Some).collect(),
            indices,
        };
        p.parse(primary)
    }

    /// Collect all named types from a list of schemas, remapping indices as needed.
    ///
    /// When combining named types from multiple schemas, each schema's internal
    /// indices need to be remapped to account for duplicates and new positions.
    fn collect_named_types(
        schemas: &[Schema],
    ) -> (Vec<NamedSchemaPiece>, BTreeMap<FullName, usize>) {
        let mut combined_named: Vec<NamedSchemaPiece> = Vec::new();
        let mut combined_indices: BTreeMap<FullName, usize> = BTreeMap::new();

        for schema in schemas {
            // First pass: Build the index_map from this schema's indices to combined indices.
            // For types that already exist: map to existing combined index
            // For new types: map to their future position in combined_named
            let mut index_map: Vec<usize> = Vec::with_capacity(schema.named.len());
            let mut new_type_offset = combined_named.len();

            for named_piece in &schema.named {
                if let Some(&existing_idx) = combined_indices.get(&named_piece.name) {
                    // Type already exists, use existing index
                    index_map.push(existing_idx);
                } else {
                    // New type, assign next available index
                    index_map.push(new_type_offset);
                    new_type_offset += 1;
                }
            }

            // Second pass: Add new types with proper remapping
            for named_piece in &schema.named {
                if combined_indices.contains_key(&named_piece.name) {
                    continue;
                }

                let mut remapped = named_piece.clone();
                Self::remap_indices_in_piece_with_map(&mut remapped.piece, &index_map);

                let new_idx = combined_named.len();
                combined_indices.insert(remapped.name.clone(), new_idx);
                combined_named.push(remapped);
            }
        }

        (combined_named, combined_indices)
    }

    /// Recursively remap Named indices in a SchemaPiece using an index map.
    fn remap_indices_in_piece_with_map(piece: &mut SchemaPiece, index_map: &[usize]) {
        match piece {
            SchemaPiece::Array(inner) => Self::remap_indices_with_map(inner, index_map),
            SchemaPiece::Map(inner) => Self::remap_indices_with_map(inner, index_map),
            SchemaPiece::Union(union) => {
                for variant in union.variants_mut() {
                    Self::remap_indices_with_map(variant, index_map);
                }
            }
            SchemaPiece::Record { fields, .. } => {
                for field in fields {
                    Self::remap_indices_with_map(&mut field.schema, index_map);
                }
            }
            _ => {}
        }
    }

    /// Remap a single SchemaPieceOrNamed using an index map.
    fn remap_indices_with_map(item: &mut SchemaPieceOrNamed, index_map: &[usize]) {
        match item {
            SchemaPieceOrNamed::Named(idx) => {
                if let Some(&new_idx) = index_map.get(*idx) {
                    *idx = new_idx;
                }
            }
            SchemaPieceOrNamed::Piece(piece) => {
                Self::remap_indices_in_piece_with_map(piece, index_map)
            }
        }
    }

    /// Converts `self` into its [Parsing Canonical Form].
    ///
    /// [Parsing Canonical Form]:
    /// https://avro.apache.org/docs/++version++/specification#parsing-canonical-form-for-schemas
    pub fn canonical_form(&self) -> String {
        let json = serde_json::to_value(self).unwrap();
        parsing_canonical_form(&json)
    }

    /// Generate fingerprint of Schema's [Parsing Canonical Form].
    ///
    /// [Parsing Canonical Form]:
    /// https://avro.apache.org/docs/++version++/specification#parsing-canonical-form-for-schemas
    pub fn fingerprint<D: Digest>(&self) -> SchemaFingerprint {
        let mut d = D::new();
        d.update(self.canonical_form());
        SchemaFingerprint {
            bytes: d.finalize().to_vec(),
        }
    }

    /// Parse a `serde_json::Value` representing a primitive Avro type into a
    /// `Schema`.
    fn parse_primitive(primitive: &str) -> Result<SchemaPiece, AvroError> {
        match primitive {
            "null" => Ok(SchemaPiece::Null),
            "boolean" => Ok(SchemaPiece::Boolean),
            "int" => Ok(SchemaPiece::Int),
            "long" => Ok(SchemaPiece::Long),
            "double" => Ok(SchemaPiece::Double),
            "float" => Ok(SchemaPiece::Float),
            "bytes" => Ok(SchemaPiece::Bytes),
            "string" => Ok(SchemaPiece::String),
            other => Err(ParseSchemaError::new(format!("Unknown type: {}", other)).into()),
        }
    }
}

impl FromStr for Schema {
    type Err = AvroError;

    /// Create a `Schema` from a string representing a JSON Avro schema.
    fn from_str(input: &str) -> Result<Self, AvroError> {
        let value = serde_json::from_str(input)
            .map_err(|e| ParseSchemaError::new(format!("Error parsing JSON: {}", e)))?;
        Self::parse(&value)
    }
}

#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
pub struct NamedSchemaPiece {
    pub name: FullName,
    pub piece: SchemaPiece,
}

#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
pub struct SchemaNode<'a> {
    pub root: &'a Schema,
    pub inner: &'a SchemaPiece,
    pub name: Option<&'a FullName>,
}

#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
pub enum SchemaPieceRefOrNamed<'a> {
    Piece(&'a SchemaPiece),
    Named(usize),
}

impl<'a> SchemaPieceRefOrNamed<'a> {
    pub fn get_human_name(&self, root: &Schema) -> String {
        match self {
            Self::Piece(piece) => format!("{:?}", piece),
            Self::Named(idx) => format!("{:?}", root.lookup(*idx).name),
        }
    }

    #[inline(always)]
    pub fn get_piece_and_name(self, root: &'a Schema) -> (&'a SchemaPiece, Option<&'a FullName>) {
        match self {
            SchemaPieceRefOrNamed::Piece(sp) => (sp, None),
            SchemaPieceRefOrNamed::Named(index) => {
                let named_piece = root.lookup(index);
                (&named_piece.piece, Some(&named_piece.name))
            }
        }
    }
}

#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
pub struct SchemaNodeOrNamed<'a> {
    pub root: &'a Schema,
    pub inner: SchemaPieceRefOrNamed<'a>,
}

impl<'a> SchemaNodeOrNamed<'a> {
    #[inline(always)]
    pub fn lookup(self) -> SchemaNode<'a> {
        let (inner, name) = self.inner.get_piece_and_name(self.root);
        SchemaNode {
            root: self.root,
            inner,
            name,
        }
    }
    #[inline(always)]
    pub fn step(self, next: &'a SchemaPieceOrNamed) -> Self {
        self.step_ref(next.as_ref())
    }
    #[inline(always)]
    pub fn step_ref(self, next: SchemaPieceRefOrNamed<'a>) -> Self {
        Self {
            root: self.root,
            inner: match next {
                SchemaPieceRefOrNamed::Piece(piece) => SchemaPieceRefOrNamed::Piece(piece),
                SchemaPieceRefOrNamed::Named(index) => SchemaPieceRefOrNamed::Named(index),
            },
        }
    }

    pub fn to_schema(self) -> Schema {
        let mut cloner = SchemaSubtreeDeepCloner {
            old_root: self.root,
            old_to_new_names: Default::default(),
            named: Default::default(),
        };
        let piece = cloner.clone_piece_or_named(self.inner);
        let named: Vec<NamedSchemaPiece> = cloner.named.into_iter().map(Option::unwrap).collect();
        let indices: BTreeMap<FullName, usize> = named
            .iter()
            .enumerate()
            .map(|(i, nsp)| (nsp.name.clone(), i))
            .collect();
        Schema {
            named,
            indices,
            top: piece,
        }
    }

    pub fn namespace(self) -> Option<&'a str> {
        let SchemaNode { name, .. } = self.lookup();
        name.map(|FullName { namespace, .. }| namespace.as_str())
    }
}

struct SchemaSubtreeDeepCloner<'a> {
    old_root: &'a Schema,
    old_to_new_names: BTreeMap<usize, usize>,
    named: Vec<Option<NamedSchemaPiece>>,
}

impl<'a> SchemaSubtreeDeepCloner<'a> {
    fn clone_piece(&mut self, piece: &SchemaPiece) -> SchemaPiece {
        match piece {
            SchemaPiece::Null => SchemaPiece::Null,
            SchemaPiece::Boolean => SchemaPiece::Boolean,
            SchemaPiece::Int => SchemaPiece::Int,
            SchemaPiece::Long => SchemaPiece::Long,
            SchemaPiece::Float => SchemaPiece::Float,
            SchemaPiece::Double => SchemaPiece::Double,
            SchemaPiece::Date => SchemaPiece::Date,
            SchemaPiece::TimestampMilli => SchemaPiece::TimestampMilli,
            SchemaPiece::TimestampMicro => SchemaPiece::TimestampMicro,
            SchemaPiece::Json => SchemaPiece::Json,
            SchemaPiece::Decimal {
                scale,
                precision,
                fixed_size,
            } => SchemaPiece::Decimal {
                scale: *scale,
                precision: *precision,
                fixed_size: *fixed_size,
            },
            SchemaPiece::Bytes => SchemaPiece::Bytes,
            SchemaPiece::String => SchemaPiece::String,
            SchemaPiece::Uuid => SchemaPiece::Uuid,
            SchemaPiece::Array(inner) => {
                SchemaPiece::Array(Box::new(self.clone_piece_or_named(inner.as_ref().as_ref())))
            }
            SchemaPiece::Map(inner) => {
                SchemaPiece::Map(Box::new(self.clone_piece_or_named(inner.as_ref().as_ref())))
            }
            SchemaPiece::Union(us) => SchemaPiece::Union(UnionSchema {
                schemas: us
                    .schemas
                    .iter()
                    .map(|s| self.clone_piece_or_named(s.as_ref()))
                    .collect(),
                anon_variant_index: us.anon_variant_index.clone(),
                named_variant_index: us.named_variant_index.clone(),
            }),
            SchemaPiece::ResolveIntLong => SchemaPiece::ResolveIntLong,
            SchemaPiece::ResolveIntFloat => SchemaPiece::ResolveIntFloat,
            SchemaPiece::ResolveIntDouble => SchemaPiece::ResolveIntDouble,
            SchemaPiece::ResolveLongFloat => SchemaPiece::ResolveLongFloat,
            SchemaPiece::ResolveLongDouble => SchemaPiece::ResolveLongDouble,
            SchemaPiece::ResolveFloatDouble => SchemaPiece::ResolveFloatDouble,
            SchemaPiece::ResolveIntTsMilli => SchemaPiece::ResolveIntTsMilli,
            SchemaPiece::ResolveIntTsMicro => SchemaPiece::ResolveIntTsMicro,
            SchemaPiece::ResolveDateTimestamp => SchemaPiece::ResolveDateTimestamp,
            SchemaPiece::ResolveConcreteUnion {
                index,
                inner,
                n_reader_variants,
                reader_null_variant,
            } => SchemaPiece::ResolveConcreteUnion {
                index: *index,
                inner: Box::new(self.clone_piece_or_named(inner.as_ref().as_ref())),
                n_reader_variants: *n_reader_variants,
                reader_null_variant: *reader_null_variant,
            },
            SchemaPiece::ResolveUnionUnion {
                permutation,
                n_reader_variants,
                reader_null_variant,
            } => SchemaPiece::ResolveUnionUnion {
                permutation: permutation
                    .clone()
                    .into_iter()
                    .map(|o| o.map(|(idx, piece)| (idx, self.clone_piece_or_named(piece.as_ref()))))
                    .collect(),
                n_reader_variants: *n_reader_variants,
                reader_null_variant: *reader_null_variant,
            },
            SchemaPiece::ResolveUnionConcrete { index, inner } => {
                SchemaPiece::ResolveUnionConcrete {
                    index: *index,
                    inner: Box::new(self.clone_piece_or_named(inner.as_ref().as_ref())),
                }
            }
            SchemaPiece::Record {
                doc,
                fields,
                lookup,
            } => SchemaPiece::Record {
                doc: doc.clone(),
                fields: fields
                    .iter()
                    .map(|rf| RecordField {
                        name: rf.name.clone(),
                        doc: rf.doc.clone(),
                        default: rf.default.clone(),
                        schema: self.clone_piece_or_named(rf.schema.as_ref()),
                        order: rf.order,
                        position: rf.position,
                    })
                    .collect(),
                lookup: lookup.clone(),
            },
            SchemaPiece::Enum {
                doc,
                symbols,
                default_idx,
            } => SchemaPiece::Enum {
                doc: doc.clone(),
                symbols: symbols.clone(),
                default_idx: *default_idx,
            },
            SchemaPiece::Fixed { size } => SchemaPiece::Fixed { size: *size },
            SchemaPiece::ResolveRecord {
                defaults,
                fields,
                n_reader_fields,
            } => SchemaPiece::ResolveRecord {
                defaults: defaults.clone(),
                fields: fields
                    .iter()
                    .map(|rf| match rf {
                        ResolvedRecordField::Present(rf) => {
                            ResolvedRecordField::Present(RecordField {
                                name: rf.name.clone(),
                                doc: rf.doc.clone(),
                                default: rf.default.clone(),
                                schema: self.clone_piece_or_named(rf.schema.as_ref()),
                                order: rf.order,
                                position: rf.position,
                            })
                        }
                        ResolvedRecordField::Absent(writer_schema) => {
                            ResolvedRecordField::Absent(writer_schema.clone())
                        }
                    })
                    .collect(),
                n_reader_fields: *n_reader_fields,
            },
            SchemaPiece::ResolveEnum {
                doc,
                symbols,
                default,
            } => SchemaPiece::ResolveEnum {
                doc: doc.clone(),
                symbols: symbols.clone(),
                default: default.clone(),
            },
        }
    }
    fn clone_piece_or_named(&mut self, piece: SchemaPieceRefOrNamed) -> SchemaPieceOrNamed {
        match piece {
            SchemaPieceRefOrNamed::Piece(piece) => self.clone_piece(piece).into(),
            SchemaPieceRefOrNamed::Named(index) => {
                let new_index = match self.old_to_new_names.entry(index) {
                    Entry::Vacant(ve) => {
                        let new_index = self.named.len();
                        self.named.push(None);
                        ve.insert(new_index);
                        let old_named_piece = self.old_root.lookup(index);
                        let new_named_piece = NamedSchemaPiece {
                            name: old_named_piece.name.clone(),
                            piece: self.clone_piece(&old_named_piece.piece),
                        };
                        self.named[new_index] = Some(new_named_piece);
                        new_index
                    }
                    Entry::Occupied(oe) => *oe.get(),
                };
                SchemaPieceOrNamed::Named(new_index)
            }
        }
    }
}

impl<'a> SchemaNode<'a> {
    #[inline(always)]
    pub fn step(self, next: &'a SchemaPieceOrNamed) -> Self {
        let (inner, name) = next.get_piece_and_name(self.root);
        Self {
            root: self.root,
            inner,
            name,
        }
    }

    pub fn json_to_value(self, json: &serde_json::Value) -> Result<AvroValue, ParseSchemaError> {
        use serde_json::Value::*;
        let val = match (json, self.inner) {
            // A default value always matches the first variant of a union
            (json, SchemaPiece::Union(us)) => match us.schemas.first() {
                Some(variant) => AvroValue::Union {
                    index: 0,
                    inner: Box::new(self.step(variant).json_to_value(json)?),
                    n_variants: us.schemas.len(),
                    null_variant: us
                        .schemas
                        .iter()
                        .position(|s| s == &SchemaPieceOrNamed::Piece(SchemaPiece::Null)),
                },
                None => return Err(ParseSchemaError("Union schema has no variants".to_owned())),
            },
            (Null, SchemaPiece::Null) => AvroValue::Null,
            (Bool(b), SchemaPiece::Boolean) => AvroValue::Boolean(*b),
            (Number(n), piece) => {
                match piece {
                    piece if piece.is_underlying_int() => {
                        let i =
                            n.as_i64()
                                .and_then(|i| i32::try_from(i).ok())
                                .ok_or_else(|| {
                                    ParseSchemaError(format!("{} is not a 32-bit integer", n))
                                })?;
                        piece.try_make_int_value(i).unwrap().map_err(|e| {
                            ParseSchemaError(format!("invalid default int {i}: {e}"))
                        })?
                    }
                    piece if piece.is_underlying_long() => {
                        let i = n.as_i64().ok_or_else(|| {
                            ParseSchemaError(format!("{} is not a 64-bit integer", n))
                        })?;
                        piece.try_make_long_value(i).unwrap().map_err(|e| {
                            ParseSchemaError(format!("invalid default long {i}: {e}"))
                        })?
                    }
                    SchemaPiece::Float => {
                        let f = n.as_f64().ok_or_else(|| {
                            ParseSchemaError(format!("{} is not a 32-bit float", n))
                        })?;
                        AvroValue::Float(f as f32)
                    }
                    SchemaPiece::Double => {
                        let f = n.as_f64().ok_or_else(|| {
                            ParseSchemaError(format!("{} is not a 64-bit float", n))
                        })?;
                        AvroValue::Double(f)
                    }
                    _ => {
                        return Err(ParseSchemaError(format!(
                            "Unexpected number in default: {}",
                            n
                        )));
                    }
                }
            }
            (String(s), piece)
                if s.eq_ignore_ascii_case("nan")
                    && (piece == &SchemaPiece::Float || piece == &SchemaPiece::Double) =>
            {
                match piece {
                    SchemaPiece::Float => AvroValue::Float(f32::NAN),
                    SchemaPiece::Double => AvroValue::Double(f64::NAN),
                    _ => unreachable!(),
                }
            }
            (String(s), piece)
                if s.eq_ignore_ascii_case("infinity")
                    && (piece == &SchemaPiece::Float || piece == &SchemaPiece::Double) =>
            {
                match piece {
                    SchemaPiece::Float => AvroValue::Float(f32::INFINITY),
                    SchemaPiece::Double => AvroValue::Double(f64::INFINITY),
                    _ => unreachable!(),
                }
            }
            (String(s), piece)
                if s.eq_ignore_ascii_case("-infinity")
                    && (piece == &SchemaPiece::Float || piece == &SchemaPiece::Double) =>
            {
                match piece {
                    SchemaPiece::Float => AvroValue::Float(f32::NEG_INFINITY),
                    SchemaPiece::Double => AvroValue::Double(f64::NEG_INFINITY),
                    _ => unreachable!(),
                }
            }
            (String(s), SchemaPiece::Bytes) => AvroValue::Bytes(s.clone().into_bytes()),
            (
                String(s),
                SchemaPiece::Decimal {
                    precision, scale, ..
                },
            ) => AvroValue::Decimal(DecimalValue {
                precision: *precision,
                scale: *scale,
                unscaled: s.clone().into_bytes(),
            }),
            (String(s), SchemaPiece::String) => AvroValue::String(s.clone()),
            (Object(map), SchemaPiece::Record { fields, .. }) => {
                let field_values = fields
                    .iter()
                    .map(|rf| {
                        let jval = map.get(&rf.name).ok_or_else(|| {
                            ParseSchemaError(format!(
                                "Field not found in default value: {}",
                                rf.name
                            ))
                        })?;
                        let value = self.step(&rf.schema).json_to_value(jval)?;
                        Ok((rf.name.clone(), value))
                    })
                    .collect::<Result<Vec<(std::string::String, AvroValue)>, ParseSchemaError>>()?;
                AvroValue::Record(field_values)
            }
            (String(s), SchemaPiece::Enum { symbols, .. }) => {
                match symbols.iter().find_position(|sym| s == *sym) {
                    Some((index, sym)) => AvroValue::Enum(index, sym.clone()),
                    None => return Err(ParseSchemaError(format!("Enum variant not found: {}", s))),
                }
            }
            (Array(vals), SchemaPiece::Array(inner)) => {
                let node = self.step(&**inner);
                let vals = vals
                    .iter()
                    .map(|val| node.json_to_value(val))
                    .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, ParseSchemaError>>()?;
                AvroValue::Array(vals)
            }
            (Object(map), SchemaPiece::Map(inner)) => {
                let node = self.step(&**inner);
                let map = map
                    .iter()
                    .map(|(k, v)| node.json_to_value(v).map(|v| (k.clone(), v)))
                    .collect::<Result<BTreeMap<_, _>, ParseSchemaError>>()?;
                AvroValue::Map(map)
            }
            (String(s), SchemaPiece::Fixed { size }) if s.len() == *size => {
                AvroValue::Fixed(*size, s.clone().into_bytes())
            }
            _ => {
                return Err(ParseSchemaError(format!(
                    "Json default value {} does not match schema",
                    json
                )));
            }
        };
        Ok(val)
    }
}

#[derive(Clone)]
struct SchemaSerContext<'a> {
    node: SchemaNodeOrNamed<'a>,
    // This does not logically need Rc<RefCell<_>> semantics --
    // it is only ever mutated in one stack frame at a time.
    // But AFAICT serde doesn't expose a way to
    // provide some mutable context to every node in the tree...
    seen_named: Rc<RefCell<BTreeMap<usize, FullName>>>,
    /// The namespace of this node's parent, or "" by default
    enclosing_ns: &'a str,
}

#[derive(Clone)]
struct RecordFieldSerContext<'a> {
    outer: &'a SchemaSerContext<'a>,
    inner: &'a RecordField,
}

impl<'a> SchemaSerContext<'a> {
    fn step(&'a self, next: SchemaPieceRefOrNamed<'a>) -> Self {
        let ns = self.node.namespace().unwrap_or(self.enclosing_ns);
        Self {
            node: self.node.step_ref(next),
            seen_named: Rc::clone(&self.seen_named),
            enclosing_ns: ns,
        }
    }
}

impl<'a> Serialize for SchemaSerContext<'a> {
    fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
    where
        S: Serializer,
    {
        match self.node.inner {
            SchemaPieceRefOrNamed::Piece(piece) => match piece {
                SchemaPiece::Null => serializer.serialize_str("null"),
                SchemaPiece::Boolean => serializer.serialize_str("boolean"),
                SchemaPiece::Int => serializer.serialize_str("int"),
                SchemaPiece::Long => serializer.serialize_str("long"),
                SchemaPiece::Float => serializer.serialize_str("float"),
                SchemaPiece::Double => serializer.serialize_str("double"),
                SchemaPiece::Date => {
                    let mut map = serializer.serialize_map(Some(2))?;
                    map.serialize_entry("type", "int")?;
                    map.serialize_entry("logicalType", "date")?;
                    map.end()
                }
                SchemaPiece::TimestampMilli | SchemaPiece::TimestampMicro => {
                    let mut map = serializer.serialize_map(Some(2))?;
                    map.serialize_entry("type", "long")?;
                    if piece == &SchemaPiece::TimestampMilli {
                        map.serialize_entry("logicalType", "timestamp-millis")?;
                    } else {
                        map.serialize_entry("logicalType", "timestamp-micros")?;
                    }
                    map.end()
                }
                SchemaPiece::Decimal {
                    precision,
                    scale,
                    fixed_size: None,
                } => {
                    let mut map = serializer.serialize_map(Some(4))?;
                    map.serialize_entry("type", "bytes")?;
                    map.serialize_entry("precision", precision)?;
                    map.serialize_entry("scale", scale)?;
                    map.serialize_entry("logicalType", "decimal")?;
                    map.end()
                }
                SchemaPiece::Bytes => serializer.serialize_str("bytes"),
                SchemaPiece::String => serializer.serialize_str("string"),
                SchemaPiece::Array(inner) => {
                    let mut map = serializer.serialize_map(Some(2))?;
                    map.serialize_entry("type", "array")?;
                    map.serialize_entry("items", &self.step(inner.as_ref().as_ref()))?;
                    map.end()
                }
                SchemaPiece::Map(inner) => {
                    let mut map = serializer.serialize_map(Some(2))?;
                    map.serialize_entry("type", "map")?;
                    map.serialize_entry("values", &self.step(inner.as_ref().as_ref()))?;
                    map.end()
                }
                SchemaPiece::Union(inner) => {
                    let variants = inner.variants();
                    let mut seq = serializer.serialize_seq(Some(variants.len()))?;
                    for v in variants {
                        seq.serialize_element(&self.step(v.as_ref()))?;
                    }
                    seq.end()
                }
                SchemaPiece::Json => {
                    let mut map = serializer.serialize_map(Some(2))?;
                    map.serialize_entry("type", "string")?;
                    map.serialize_entry("connect.name", "io.debezium.data.Json")?;
                    map.end()
                }
                SchemaPiece::Uuid => {
                    let mut map = serializer.serialize_map(Some(4))?;
                    map.serialize_entry("type", "string")?;
                    map.serialize_entry("logicalType", "uuid")?;
                    map.end()
                }
                SchemaPiece::Record { .. }
                | SchemaPiece::Decimal {
                    fixed_size: Some(_),
                    ..
                }
                | SchemaPiece::Enum { .. }
                | SchemaPiece::Fixed { .. } => {
                    unreachable!("Unexpected named schema piece in anonymous schema position")
                }
                SchemaPiece::ResolveIntLong
                | SchemaPiece::ResolveDateTimestamp
                | SchemaPiece::ResolveIntFloat
                | SchemaPiece::ResolveIntDouble
                | SchemaPiece::ResolveLongFloat
                | SchemaPiece::ResolveLongDouble
                | SchemaPiece::ResolveFloatDouble
                | SchemaPiece::ResolveConcreteUnion { .. }
                | SchemaPiece::ResolveUnionUnion { .. }
                | SchemaPiece::ResolveUnionConcrete { .. }
                | SchemaPiece::ResolveRecord { .. }
                | SchemaPiece::ResolveIntTsMicro
                | SchemaPiece::ResolveIntTsMilli
                | SchemaPiece::ResolveEnum { .. } => {
                    panic!("Attempted to serialize resolved schema")
                }
            },
            SchemaPieceRefOrNamed::Named(index) => {
                let mut map = self.seen_named.borrow_mut();
                let named_piece = match map.get(&index) {
                    Some(name) => {
                        return serializer.serialize_str(&*name.short_name(self.enclosing_ns));
                    }
                    None => self.node.root.lookup(index),
                };
                let name = &named_piece.name;
                map.insert(index, name.clone());
                std::mem::drop(map);
                match &named_piece.piece {
                    SchemaPiece::Record { doc, fields, .. } => {
                        let mut map = serializer.serialize_map(None)?;
                        map.serialize_entry("type", "record")?;
                        map.serialize_entry("name", &name.name)?;
                        if self.enclosing_ns != &name.namespace {
                            map.serialize_entry("namespace", &name.namespace)?;
                        }
                        if let Some(docstr) = doc {
                            map.serialize_entry("doc", docstr)?;
                        }
                        // TODO (brennan) - serialize aliases
                        map.serialize_entry(
                            "fields",
                            &fields
                                .iter()
                                .map(|f| RecordFieldSerContext {
                                    outer: self,
                                    inner: f,
                                })
                                .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
                        )?;
                        map.end()
                    }
                    SchemaPiece::Enum {
                        symbols,
                        default_idx,
                        ..
                    } => {
                        let mut map = serializer.serialize_map(None)?;
                        map.serialize_entry("type", "enum")?;
                        map.serialize_entry("name", &name.name)?;
                        if self.enclosing_ns != &name.namespace {
                            map.serialize_entry("namespace", &name.namespace)?;
                        }
                        map.serialize_entry("symbols", symbols)?;
                        if let Some(default_idx) = *default_idx {
                            assert!(default_idx < symbols.len());
                            map.serialize_entry("default", &symbols[default_idx])?;
                        }
                        map.end()
                    }
                    SchemaPiece::Fixed { size } => {
                        let mut map = serializer.serialize_map(None)?;
                        map.serialize_entry("type", "fixed")?;
                        map.serialize_entry("name", &name.name)?;
                        if self.enclosing_ns != &name.namespace {
                            map.serialize_entry("namespace", &name.namespace)?;
                        }
                        map.serialize_entry("size", size)?;
                        map.end()
                    }
                    SchemaPiece::Decimal {
                        scale,
                        precision,
                        fixed_size: Some(size),
                    } => {
                        let mut map = serializer.serialize_map(Some(6))?;
                        map.serialize_entry("type", "fixed")?;
                        map.serialize_entry("logicalType", "decimal")?;
                        map.serialize_entry("name", &name.name)?;
                        if self.enclosing_ns != &name.namespace {
                            map.serialize_entry("namespace", &name.namespace)?;
                        }
                        map.serialize_entry("size", size)?;
                        map.serialize_entry("precision", precision)?;
                        map.serialize_entry("scale", scale)?;
                        map.end()
                    }
                    SchemaPiece::Null
                    | SchemaPiece::Boolean
                    | SchemaPiece::Int
                    | SchemaPiece::Long
                    | SchemaPiece::Float
                    | SchemaPiece::Double
                    | SchemaPiece::Date
                    | SchemaPiece::TimestampMilli
                    | SchemaPiece::TimestampMicro
                    | SchemaPiece::Decimal {
                        fixed_size: None, ..
                    }
                    | SchemaPiece::Bytes
                    | SchemaPiece::String
                    | SchemaPiece::Array(_)
                    | SchemaPiece::Map(_)
                    | SchemaPiece::Union(_)
                    | SchemaPiece::Uuid
                    | SchemaPiece::Json => {
                        unreachable!("Unexpected anonymous schema piece in named schema position")
                    }
                    SchemaPiece::ResolveIntLong
                    | SchemaPiece::ResolveDateTimestamp
                    | SchemaPiece::ResolveIntFloat
                    | SchemaPiece::ResolveIntDouble
                    | SchemaPiece::ResolveLongFloat
                    | SchemaPiece::ResolveLongDouble
                    | SchemaPiece::ResolveFloatDouble
                    | SchemaPiece::ResolveConcreteUnion { .. }
                    | SchemaPiece::ResolveUnionUnion { .. }
                    | SchemaPiece::ResolveUnionConcrete { .. }
                    | SchemaPiece::ResolveRecord { .. }
                    | SchemaPiece::ResolveIntTsMilli
                    | SchemaPiece::ResolveIntTsMicro
                    | SchemaPiece::ResolveEnum { .. } => {
                        panic!("Attempted to serialize resolved schema")
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

impl Serialize for Schema {
    fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
    where
        S: Serializer,
    {
        let ctx = SchemaSerContext {
            node: SchemaNodeOrNamed {
                root: self,
                inner: self.top.as_ref(),
            },
            seen_named: Rc::new(RefCell::new(Default::default())),
            enclosing_ns: "",
        };
        ctx.serialize(serializer)
    }
}

impl<'a> Serialize for RecordFieldSerContext<'a> {
    fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
    where
        S: Serializer,
    {
        let mut map = serializer.serialize_map(None)?;
        map.serialize_entry("name", &self.inner.name)?;
        map.serialize_entry("type", &self.outer.step(self.inner.schema.as_ref()))?;
        if let Some(default) = &self.inner.default {
            map.serialize_entry("default", default)?;
        }
        if let Some(doc) = &self.inner.doc {
            map.serialize_entry("doc", doc)?;
        }
        map.end()
    }
}

/// Parses a **valid** avro schema into the Parsing Canonical Form.
/// <https://avro.apache.org/docs/++version++/specification#parsing-canonical-form-for-schemas>
fn parsing_canonical_form(schema: &serde_json::Value) -> String {
    pcf(schema, "", false)
}

fn pcf(schema: &serde_json::Value, enclosing_ns: &str, in_fields: bool) -> String {
    match schema {
        serde_json::Value::Object(map) => pcf_map(map, enclosing_ns, in_fields),
        serde_json::Value::String(s) => pcf_string(s),
        serde_json::Value::Array(v) => pcf_array(v, enclosing_ns, in_fields),
        serde_json::Value::Number(n) => n.to_string(),
        _ => unreachable!("{:?} cannot yet be printed in canonical form", schema),
    }
}

fn pcf_map(schema: &Map<String, serde_json::Value>, enclosing_ns: &str, in_fields: bool) -> String {
    // Look for the namespace variant up front.
    let default_ns = schema
        .get("namespace")
        .and_then(|v| v.as_str())
        .unwrap_or(enclosing_ns);
    let mut fields = Vec::new();
    let mut found_next_ns = None;
    let mut deferred_values = vec![];
    for (k, v) in schema {
        // Reduce primitive types to their simple form. ([PRIMITIVE] rule)
        if schema.len() == 1 && k == "type" {
            // Invariant: function is only callable from a valid schema, so this is acceptable.
            if let serde_json::Value::String(s) = v {
                return pcf_string(s);
            }
        }

        // Strip out unused fields ([STRIP] rule)
        if field_ordering_position(k).is_none() {
            continue;
        }

        // Fully qualify the name, if it isn't already ([FULLNAMES] rule).
        if k == "name" {
            // The `fields` stanza needs special handling, as it has "name"
            // fields that don't get canonicalized (since they are not type names).
            if in_fields {
                fields.push((
                    k,
                    format!("{}:{}", pcf_string(k), pcf_string(v.as_str().unwrap())),
                ));
                continue;
            }
            // Invariant: Only valid schemas. Must be a string.
            let name = v.as_str().unwrap();
            assert!(
                found_next_ns.is_none(),
                "`name` must not be specified multiple times"
            );
            let next_ns = match name.rsplit_once('.') {
                None => default_ns,
                Some((ns, _name)) => ns,
            };
            found_next_ns = Some(next_ns);
            let n = if next_ns.is_empty() {
                Cow::Borrowed(name)
            } else {
                Cow::Owned(format!("{next_ns}.{name}"))
            };
            fields.push((k, format!("{}:{}", pcf_string(k), pcf_string(&*n))));
            continue;
        }

        // Strip off quotes surrounding "size" type, if they exist ([INTEGERS] rule).
        if k == "size" {
            let i = match v.as_str() {
                Some(s) => s.parse::<i64>().expect("Only valid schemas are accepted!"),
                None => v.as_i64().unwrap(),
            };
            fields.push((k, format!("{}:{}", pcf_string(k), i)));
            continue;
        }

        // For anything else, recursively process the result
        // (deferred until we know the namespace)
        deferred_values.push((k, v));
    }

    let next_ns = found_next_ns.unwrap_or(default_ns);
    for (k, v) in deferred_values {
        fields.push((
            k,
            format!("{}:{}", pcf_string(k), pcf(v, next_ns, &*k == "fields")),
        ));
    }

    // Sort the fields by their canonical ordering ([ORDER] rule).
    fields.sort_unstable_by_key(|(k, _)| field_ordering_position(k).unwrap());
    let inter = fields
        .into_iter()
        .map(|(_, v)| v)
        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
        .join(",");
    format!("{{{}}}", inter)
}

fn pcf_array(arr: &[serde_json::Value], enclosing_ns: &str, in_fields: bool) -> String {
    let inter = arr
        .iter()
        .map(|s| pcf(s, enclosing_ns, in_fields))
        .collect::<Vec<String>>()
        .join(",");
    format!("[{}]", inter)
}

fn pcf_string(s: &str) -> String {
    format!("\"{}\"", s)
}

// Used to define the ordering and inclusion of fields.
fn field_ordering_position(field: &str) -> Option<usize> {
    let v = match field {
        "name" => 1,
        "type" => 2,
        "fields" => 3,
        "symbols" => 4,
        "items" => 5,
        "values" => 6,
        "size" => 7,
        _ => return None,
    };

    Some(v)
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use mz_ore::{assert_err, assert_ok};

    use crate::types::{Record, ToAvro};

    use super::*;

    fn check_schema(schema: &str, expected: SchemaPiece) {
        let schema = Schema::from_str(schema).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(&expected, schema.top_node().inner);

        // Test serialization round trip
        let schema = serde_json::to_string(&schema).unwrap();
        let schema = Schema::from_str(&schema).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(&expected, schema.top_node().inner);
    }

    #[mz_ore::test]
    fn test_primitive_schema() {
        check_schema("\"null\"", SchemaPiece::Null);
        check_schema("\"int\"", SchemaPiece::Int);
        check_schema("\"double\"", SchemaPiece::Double);
    }

    #[mz_ore::test]
    fn test_array_schema() {
        check_schema(
            r#"{"type": "array", "items": "string"}"#,
            SchemaPiece::Array(Box::new(SchemaPieceOrNamed::Piece(SchemaPiece::String))),
        );
    }

    #[mz_ore::test]
    fn test_map_schema() {
        check_schema(
            r#"{"type": "map", "values": "double"}"#,
            SchemaPiece::Map(Box::new(SchemaPieceOrNamed::Piece(SchemaPiece::Double))),
        );
    }

    #[mz_ore::test]
    fn test_union_schema() {
        check_schema(
            r#"["null", "int"]"#,
            SchemaPiece::Union(
                UnionSchema::new(vec![
                    SchemaPieceOrNamed::Piece(SchemaPiece::Null),
                    SchemaPieceOrNamed::Piece(SchemaPiece::Int),
                ])
                .unwrap(),
            ),
        );
    }

    #[mz_ore::test]
    fn test_multi_union_schema() {
        let schema = Schema::from_str(r#"["null", "int", "float", "string", "bytes"]"#);
        assert_ok!(schema);
        let schema = schema.unwrap();
        let node = schema.top_node();
        assert_eq!(SchemaKind::from(&schema), SchemaKind::Union);
        let union_schema = match node.inner {
            SchemaPiece::Union(u) => u,
            _ => unreachable!(),
        };
        assert_eq!(union_schema.variants().len(), 5);
        let mut variants = union_schema.variants().iter();
        assert_eq!(
            SchemaKind::from(node.step(variants.next().unwrap())),
            SchemaKind::Null
        );
        assert_eq!(
            SchemaKind::from(node.step(variants.next().unwrap())),
            SchemaKind::Int
        );
        assert_eq!(
            SchemaKind::from(node.step(variants.next().unwrap())),
            SchemaKind::Float
        );
        assert_eq!(
            SchemaKind::from(node.step(variants.next().unwrap())),
            SchemaKind::String
        );
        assert_eq!(
            SchemaKind::from(node.step(variants.next().unwrap())),
            SchemaKind::Bytes
        );
        assert_eq!(variants.next(), None);
    }

    #[mz_ore::test]
    fn test_record_schema() {
        let schema = r#"
                {
                    "type": "record",
                    "name": "test",
                    "doc": "record doc",
                    "fields": [
                        {"name": "a", "doc": "a doc", "type": "long", "default": 42},
                        {"name": "b", "doc": "b doc", "type": "string"}
                    ]
                }
            "#;

        let mut lookup = BTreeMap::new();
        lookup.insert("a".to_owned(), 0);
        lookup.insert("b".to_owned(), 1);

        let expected = SchemaPiece::Record {
            doc: Some("record doc".to_string()),
            fields: vec![
                RecordField {
                    name: "a".to_string(),
                    doc: Some("a doc".to_string()),
                    default: Some(Value::Number(42i64.into())),
                    schema: SchemaPiece::Long.into(),
                    order: RecordFieldOrder::Ascending,
                    position: 0,
                },
                RecordField {
                    name: "b".to_string(),
                    doc: Some("b doc".to_string()),
                    default: None,
                    schema: SchemaPiece::String.into(),
                    order: RecordFieldOrder::Ascending,
                    position: 1,
                },
            ],
            lookup,
        };

        check_schema(schema, expected);
    }

    #[mz_ore::test]
    fn test_enum_schema() {
        let schema = r#"{"type": "enum", "name": "Suit", "symbols": ["diamonds", "spades", "jokers", "clubs", "hearts"], "default": "jokers"}"#;

        let expected = SchemaPiece::Enum {
            doc: None,
            symbols: vec![
                "diamonds".to_owned(),
                "spades".to_owned(),
                "jokers".to_owned(),
                "clubs".to_owned(),
                "hearts".to_owned(),
            ],
            default_idx: Some(2),
        };

        check_schema(schema, expected);

        let bad_schema = Schema::from_str(
            r#"{"type": "enum", "name": "Suit", "symbols": ["diamonds", "spades", "jokers", "clubs", "hearts"], "default": "blah"}"#,
        );

        assert_err!(bad_schema);
    }

    #[mz_ore::test]
    fn test_fixed_schema() {
        let schema = r#"{"type": "fixed", "name": "test", "size": 16}"#;

        let expected = SchemaPiece::Fixed { size: 16usize };

        check_schema(schema, expected);
    }

    #[mz_ore::test]
    fn test_date_schema() {
        let kinds = &[
            r#"{
                    "type": "int",
                    "name": "datish",
                    "logicalType": "date"
                }"#,
            r#"{
                    "type": "int",
                    "name": "datish",
                    "connect.name": "io.debezium.time.Date"
                }"#,
            r#"{
                    "type": "int",
                    "name": "datish",
                    "connect.name": "org.apache.kafka.connect.data.Date"
                }"#,
        ];
        for kind in kinds {
            check_schema(*kind, SchemaPiece::Date);

            let schema = Schema::from_str(*kind).unwrap();
            assert_eq!(
                serde_json::to_string(&schema).unwrap(),
                r#"{"type":"int","logicalType":"date"}"#
            );
        }
    }

    #[mz_ore::test]
    fn new_field_in_middle() {
        let reader = r#"{
            "type": "record",
            "name": "MyRecord",
            "fields": [{"name": "f1", "type": "int"}, {"name": "f2", "type": "int"}]
        }"#;
        let writer = r#"{
            "type": "record",
            "name": "MyRecord",
            "fields": [{"name": "f1", "type": "int"}, {"name": "f_interposed", "type": "int"}, {"name": "f2", "type": "int"}]
        }"#;
        let reader = Schema::from_str(reader).unwrap();
        let writer = Schema::from_str(writer).unwrap();

        let mut record = Record::new(writer.top_node()).unwrap();
        record.put("f1", 1);
        record.put("f2", 2);
        record.put("f_interposed", 42);

        let value = record.avro();

        let mut buf = vec![];
        crate::encode::encode(&value, &writer, &mut buf);

        let resolved = resolve_schemas(&writer, &reader).unwrap();

        let reader = &mut &buf[..];
        let reader_value = crate::decode::decode(resolved.top_node(), reader).unwrap();
        let expected = crate::types::Value::Record(vec![
            ("f1".to_string(), crate::types::Value::Int(1)),
            ("f2".to_string(), crate::types::Value::Int(2)),
        ]);
        assert_eq!(reader_value, expected);
        assert!(reader.is_empty()); // all bytes should have been consumed
    }

    #[mz_ore::test]
    fn new_field_at_end() {
        let reader = r#"{
            "type": "record",
            "name": "MyRecord",
            "fields": [{"name": "f1", "type": "int"}]
        }"#;
        let writer = r#"{
            "type": "record",
            "name": "MyRecord",
            "fields": [{"name": "f1", "type": "int"}, {"name": "f2", "type": "int"}]
        }"#;
        let reader = Schema::from_str(reader).unwrap();
        let writer = Schema::from_str(writer).unwrap();

        let mut record = Record::new(writer.top_node()).unwrap();
        record.put("f1", 1);
        record.put("f2", 2);

        let value = record.avro();

        let mut buf = vec![];
        crate::encode::encode(&value, &writer, &mut buf);

        let resolved = resolve_schemas(&writer, &reader).unwrap();

        let reader = &mut &buf[..];
        let reader_value = crate::decode::decode(resolved.top_node(), reader).unwrap();
        let expected =
            crate::types::Value::Record(vec![("f1".to_string(), crate::types::Value::Int(1))]);
        assert_eq!(reader_value, expected);
        assert!(reader.is_empty()); // all bytes should have been consumed
    }

    #[mz_ore::test]
    fn default_non_nums() {
        let reader = r#"{
            "type": "record",
            "name": "MyRecord",
            "fields": [
                {"name": "f1", "type": "double", "default": "NaN"},
                {"name": "f2", "type": "double", "default": "Infinity"},
                {"name": "f3", "type": "double", "default": "-Infinity"}
            ]
        }
        "#;
        let writer = r#"{"type": "record", "name": "MyRecord", "fields": []}"#;

        let writer_schema = Schema::from_str(writer).unwrap();
        let reader_schema = Schema::from_str(reader).unwrap();
        let resolved = resolve_schemas(&writer_schema, &reader_schema).unwrap();

        let record = Record::new(writer_schema.top_node()).unwrap();

        let value = record.avro();
        let mut buf = vec![];
        crate::encode::encode(&value, &writer_schema, &mut buf);

        let reader = &mut &buf[..];
        let reader_value = crate::decode::decode(resolved.top_node(), reader).unwrap();
        let expected = crate::types::Value::Record(vec![
            ("f1".to_string(), crate::types::Value::Double(f64::NAN)),
            ("f2".to_string(), crate::types::Value::Double(f64::INFINITY)),
            (
                "f3".to_string(),
                crate::types::Value::Double(f64::NEG_INFINITY),
            ),
        ]);

        #[derive(Debug)]
        struct NanEq(crate::types::Value);
        impl std::cmp::PartialEq for NanEq {
            fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
                match (self, other) {
                    (
                        NanEq(crate::types::Value::Double(x)),
                        NanEq(crate::types::Value::Double(y)),
                    ) if x.is_nan() && y.is_nan() => true,
                    (
                        NanEq(crate::types::Value::Float(x)),
                        NanEq(crate::types::Value::Float(y)),
                    ) if x.is_nan() && y.is_nan() => true,
                    (
                        NanEq(crate::types::Value::Record(xs)),
                        NanEq(crate::types::Value::Record(ys)),
                    ) => {
                        let xs = xs
                            .iter()
                            .cloned()
                            .map(|(k, v)| (k, NanEq(v)))
                            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
                        let ys = ys
                            .iter()
                            .cloned()
                            .map(|(k, v)| (k, NanEq(v)))
                            .collect::<Vec<_>>();

                        xs == ys
                    }
                    (NanEq(x), NanEq(y)) => x == y,
                }
            }
        }

        assert_eq!(NanEq(reader_value), NanEq(expected));
        assert!(reader.is_empty());
    }

    #[mz_ore::test]
    fn test_decimal_schemas() {
        let schema = r#"{
                "type": "fixed",
                "name": "dec",
                "size": 8,
                "logicalType": "decimal",
                "precision": 12,
                "scale": 5
            }"#;
        let expected = SchemaPiece::Decimal {
            precision: 12,
            scale: 5,
            fixed_size: Some(8),
        };
        check_schema(schema, expected);

        let schema = r#"{
                "type": "bytes",
                "logicalType": "decimal",
                "precision": 12,
                "scale": 5
            }"#;
        let expected = SchemaPiece::Decimal {
            precision: 12,
            scale: 5,
            fixed_size: None,
        };
        check_schema(schema, expected);

        let res = Schema::from_str(
            r#"["bytes", {
                "type": "bytes",
                "logicalType": "decimal",
                "precision": 12,
                "scale": 5
            }]"#,
        );
        assert_eq!(
            res.unwrap_err().to_string(),
            "Schema parse error: Unions cannot contain duplicate types"
        );

        let writer_schema = Schema::from_str(
            r#"["null", {
                "type": "bytes"
            }]"#,
        )
        .unwrap();
        let reader_schema = Schema::from_str(
            r#"["null", {
                "type": "bytes",
                "logicalType": "decimal",
                "precision": 12,
                "scale": 5
            }]"#,
        )
        .unwrap();
        let resolved = resolve_schemas(&writer_schema, &reader_schema).unwrap();

        let expected = SchemaPiece::ResolveUnionUnion {
            permutation: vec![
                Ok((0, SchemaPieceOrNamed::Piece(SchemaPiece::Null))),
                Ok((
                    1,
                    SchemaPieceOrNamed::Piece(SchemaPiece::Decimal {
                        precision: 12,
                        scale: 5,
                        fixed_size: None,
                    }),
                )),
            ],
            n_reader_variants: 2,
            reader_null_variant: Some(0),
        };
        assert_eq!(resolved.top_node().inner, &expected);
    }

    #[mz_ore::test]
    fn test_no_documentation() {
        let schema =
            Schema::from_str(r#"{"type": "enum", "name": "Coin", "symbols": ["heads", "tails"]}"#)
                .unwrap();

        let doc = match schema.top_node().inner {
            SchemaPiece::Enum { doc, .. } => doc.clone(),
            _ => panic!(),
        };

        assert_none!(doc);
    }

    #[mz_ore::test]
    fn test_documentation() {
        let schema = Schema::from_str(
                r#"{"type": "enum", "name": "Coin", "doc": "Some documentation", "symbols": ["heads", "tails"]}"#
            ).unwrap();

        let doc = match schema.top_node().inner {
            SchemaPiece::Enum { doc, .. } => doc.clone(),
            _ => None,
        };

        assert_eq!("Some documentation".to_owned(), doc.unwrap());
    }

    #[mz_ore::test]
    fn test_namespaces_and_names() {
        // When name and namespace specified, full name should contain both.
        let schema = Schema::from_str(
            r#"{"type": "fixed", "namespace": "namespace", "name": "name", "size": 1}"#,
        )
        .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(schema.named.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(
            schema.named[0].name,
            FullName {
                name: "name".into(),
                namespace: "namespace".into()
            }
        );

        // When name contains dots, parse the dot-separated name as the namespace.
        let schema =
            Schema::from_str(r#"{"type": "enum", "name": "name.has.dots", "symbols": ["A", "B"]}"#)
                .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(schema.named.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(
            schema.named[0].name,
            FullName {
                name: "dots".into(),
                namespace: "name.has".into()
            }
        );

        // Same as above, ignore any provided namespace.
        let schema = Schema::from_str(
            r#"{"type": "enum", "namespace": "namespace",
            "name": "name.has.dots", "symbols": ["A", "B"]}"#,
        )
        .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(schema.named.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(
            schema.named[0].name,
            FullName {
                name: "dots".into(),
                namespace: "name.has".into()
            }
        );

        // Use default namespace when namespace is not provided.
        // Materialize uses "" as the default namespace.
        let schema = Schema::from_str(
            r#"{"type": "record", "name": "TestDoc", "doc": "Doc string",
            "fields": [{"name": "name", "type": "string"}]}"#,
        )
        .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(schema.named.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(
            schema.named[0].name,
            FullName {
                name: "TestDoc".into(),
                namespace: "".into()
            }
        );

        // Empty namespace strings should be allowed.
        let schema = Schema::from_str(
            r#"{"type": "record", "namespace": "", "name": "TestDoc", "doc": "Doc string",
            "fields": [{"name": "name", "type": "string"}]}"#,
        )
        .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(schema.named.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(
            schema.named[0].name,
            FullName {
                name: "TestDoc".into(),
                namespace: "".into()
            }
        );

        // Equality of names is defined on the FullName and is case-sensitive.
        let first = Schema::from_str(
            r#"{"type": "fixed", "namespace": "namespace",
            "name": "name", "size": 1}"#,
        )
        .unwrap();
        let second = Schema::from_str(
            r#"{"type": "fixed", "name": "namespace.name",
            "size": 1}"#,
        )
        .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(first.named[0].name, second.named[0].name);

        let first = Schema::from_str(
            r#"{"type": "fixed", "namespace": "namespace",
            "name": "name", "size": 1}"#,
        )
        .unwrap();
        let second = Schema::from_str(
            r#"{"type": "fixed", "name": "namespace.Name",
            "size": 1}"#,
        )
        .unwrap();
        assert_ne!(first.named[0].name, second.named[0].name);

        let first = Schema::from_str(
            r#"{"type": "fixed", "namespace": "Namespace",
            "name": "name", "size": 1}"#,
        )
        .unwrap();
        let second = Schema::from_str(
            r#"{"type": "fixed", "namespace": "namespace",
            "name": "name", "size": 1}"#,
        )
        .unwrap();
        assert_ne!(first.named[0].name, second.named[0].name);

        // The name portion of a fullname, record field names, and enum symbols must:
        // start with [A-Za-z_] and subsequently contain only [A-Za-z0-9_]
        assert!(
            Schema::from_str(
                r#"{"type": "record", "name": "99 problems but a name aint one",
            "fields": [{"name": "name", "type": "string"}]}"#
            )
            .is_err()
        );

        assert!(
            Schema::from_str(
                r#"{"type": "record", "name": "!!!",
            "fields": [{"name": "name", "type": "string"}]}"#
            )
            .is_err()
        );

        assert!(
            Schema::from_str(
                r#"{"type": "record", "name": "_valid_until_©",
            "fields": [{"name": "name", "type": "string"}]}"#
            )
            .is_err()
        );

        // Use previously defined names and namespaces as type.
        let schema = Schema::from_str(r#"{"type": "record", "name": "org.apache.avro.tests.Hello", "fields": [
              {"name": "f1", "type": {"type": "enum", "name": "MyEnum", "symbols": ["Foo", "Bar", "Baz"]}},
              {"name": "f2", "type": "org.apache.avro.tests.MyEnum"},
              {"name": "f3", "type": "MyEnum"},
              {"name": "f4", "type": {"type": "enum", "name": "other.namespace.OtherEnum", "symbols": ["one", "two", "three"]}},
              {"name": "f5", "type": "other.namespace.OtherEnum"},
              {"name": "f6", "type": {"type": "enum", "name": "ThirdEnum", "namespace": "some.other", "symbols": ["Alice", "Bob"]}},
              {"name": "f7", "type": "some.other.ThirdEnum"}
             ]}"#).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(schema.named.len(), 4);

        if let SchemaPiece::Record { fields, .. } = schema.named[0].clone().piece {
            assert_eq!(fields[0].schema, SchemaPieceOrNamed::Named(1)); // f1
            assert_eq!(fields[1].schema, SchemaPieceOrNamed::Named(1)); // f2
            assert_eq!(fields[2].schema, SchemaPieceOrNamed::Named(1)); // f3
            assert_eq!(fields[3].schema, SchemaPieceOrNamed::Named(2)); // f4
            assert_eq!(fields[4].schema, SchemaPieceOrNamed::Named(2)); // f5
            assert_eq!(fields[5].schema, SchemaPieceOrNamed::Named(3)); // f6
            assert_eq!(fields[6].schema, SchemaPieceOrNamed::Named(3)); // f7
        } else {
            panic!("Expected SchemaPiece::Record, found something else");
        }

        let schema = Schema::from_str(
            r#"{"type": "record", "name": "x.Y", "fields": [
              {"name": "e", "type":
                {"type": "record", "name": "Z", "fields": [
                  {"name": "f", "type": "x.Y"},
                  {"name": "g", "type": "x.Z"}
                ]}
              }
            ]}"#,
        )
        .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(schema.named.len(), 2);

        if let SchemaPiece::Record { fields, .. } = schema.named[0].clone().piece {
            assert_eq!(fields[0].schema, SchemaPieceOrNamed::Named(1)); // e
        } else {
            panic!("Expected SchemaPiece::Record, found something else");
        }

        if let SchemaPiece::Record { fields, .. } = schema.named[1].clone().piece {
            assert_eq!(fields[0].schema, SchemaPieceOrNamed::Named(0)); // f
            assert_eq!(fields[1].schema, SchemaPieceOrNamed::Named(1)); // g
        } else {
            panic!("Expected SchemaPiece::Record, found something else");
        }

        let schema = Schema::from_str(
            r#"{"type": "record", "name": "R", "fields": [
              {"name": "s", "type": {"type": "record", "namespace": "x", "name": "Y", "fields": [
                {"name": "e", "type": {"type": "enum", "namespace": "", "name": "Z",
                 "symbols": ["Foo", "Bar"]}
                }
              ]}},
              {"name": "t", "type": "Z"}
            ]}"#,
        )
        .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(schema.named.len(), 3);

        if let SchemaPiece::Record { fields, .. } = schema.named[0].clone().piece {
            assert_eq!(fields[0].schema, SchemaPieceOrNamed::Named(1)); // s
            assert_eq!(fields[1].schema, SchemaPieceOrNamed::Named(2)); // t - refers to "".Z
        } else {
            panic!("Expected SchemaPiece::Record, found something else");
        }
    }

    // Tests to ensure Schema is Send + Sync. These tests don't need to _do_ anything, if they can
    // compile, they pass.
    #[mz_ore::test]
    fn test_schema_is_send() {
        fn send<S: Send>(_s: S) {}

        let schema = Schema {
            named: vec![],
            indices: Default::default(),
            top: SchemaPiece::Null.into(),
        };
        send(schema);
    }

    #[mz_ore::test]
    fn test_schema_is_sync() {
        fn sync<S: Sync>(_s: S) {}

        let schema = Schema {
            named: vec![],
            indices: Default::default(),
            top: SchemaPiece::Null.into(),
        };
        sync(&schema);
        sync(schema);
    }

    #[mz_ore::test]
    #[cfg_attr(miri, ignore)] // unsupported operation: inline assembly is not supported
    fn test_schema_fingerprint() {
        use sha2::Sha256;

        let raw_schema = r#"
        {
            "type": "record",
            "name": "test",
            "fields": [
                {"name": "a", "type": "long", "default": 42},
                {"name": "b", "type": "string"}
            ]
        }
    "#;
        let expected_canonical = r#"{"name":"test","type":"record","fields":[{"name":"a","type":"long"},{"name":"b","type":"string"}]}"#;
        let schema = Schema::from_str(raw_schema).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(&schema.canonical_form(), expected_canonical);
        let expected_fingerprint = format!("{:02x}", Sha256::digest(expected_canonical));
        assert_eq!(
            format!("{}", schema.fingerprint::<Sha256>()),
            expected_fingerprint
        );

        let raw_schema = r#"
{
  "type": "record",
  "name": "ns.r1",
  "namespace": "ignored",
  "fields": [
    {
      "name": "f1",
      "type": {
        "type": "fixed",
        "name": "r2",
        "size": 1
      }
    }
  ]
}
"#;
        let expected_canonical = r#"{"name":"ns.r1","type":"record","fields":[{"name":"f1","type":{"name":"ns.r2","type":"fixed","size":1}}]}"#;
        let schema = Schema::from_str(raw_schema).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(&schema.canonical_form(), expected_canonical);
        let expected_fingerprint = format!("{:02x}", Sha256::digest(expected_canonical));
        assert_eq!(
            format!("{}", schema.fingerprint::<Sha256>()),
            expected_fingerprint
        );
    }

    #[mz_ore::test]
    fn test_make_valid() {
        for (input, expected) in [
            ("foo", "foo"),
            ("az99", "az99"),
            ("99az", "_99az"),
            ("is,bad", "is_bad"),
            ("@#$%", "____"),
            ("i-amMisBehaved!", "i_amMisBehaved_"),
            ("", "_"),
        ] {
            let actual = Name::make_valid(input);
            assert_eq!(expected, actual, "Name::make_valid({input})")
        }
    }

    #[mz_ore::test]
    fn test_parse_with_simple_reference() {
        // Schema A defines a User record
        let ref_schema_json = r#"{
            "type": "record",
            "name": "User",
            "namespace": "com.example",
            "fields": [{"name": "id", "type": "int"}]
        }"#;

        // Schema B references User
        let primary_json = r#"{
            "type": "record",
            "name": "Event",
            "namespace": "com.example",
            "fields": [{"name": "user", "type": "com.example.User"}]
        }"#;

        let ref_schema = Schema::from_str(ref_schema_json).unwrap();
        let primary_value: Value = serde_json::from_str(primary_json).unwrap();

        let schema = Schema::parse_with_references(&primary_value, &[ref_schema]).unwrap();

        // Verify both Event and User types are in the schema
        let user_name = FullName {
            name: "User".to_string(),
            namespace: "com.example".to_string(),
        };
        let event_name = FullName {
            name: "Event".to_string(),
            namespace: "com.example".to_string(),
        };

        assert!(
            schema.indices.contains_key(&user_name),
            "User type should be in schema indices"
        );
        assert!(
            schema.indices.contains_key(&event_name),
            "Event type should be in schema indices"
        );

        // Verify Event's user field references User
        if let SchemaPieceOrNamed::Named(event_idx) = &schema.top {
            let event_piece = &schema.named[*event_idx].piece;
            if let SchemaPiece::Record { fields, .. } = event_piece {
                assert_eq!(fields.len(), 1);
                assert_eq!(fields[0].name, "user");
                // The user field should reference the User type (Named)
                assert!(matches!(fields[0].schema, SchemaPieceOrNamed::Named(_)));
            } else {
                panic!("Expected Event to be a record");
            }
        } else {
            panic!("Expected top to be Named");
        }
    }

    #[mz_ore::test]
    fn test_parse_with_nested_references() {
        // Schema A defines Address
        let schema_a = r#"{
            "type": "record",
            "name": "Address",
            "namespace": "com.example",
            "fields": [
                {"name": "street", "type": "string"},
                {"name": "city", "type": "string"}
            ]
        }"#;

        // Schema B defines User with Address field (references A)
        let schema_b = r#"{
            "type": "record",
            "name": "User",
            "namespace": "com.example",
            "fields": [
                {"name": "id", "type": "int"},
                {"name": "address", "type": "com.example.Address"}
            ]
        }"#;

        // Schema C defines Event with User field (references B, transitively A)
        let schema_c = r#"{
            "type": "record",
            "name": "Event",
            "namespace": "com.example",
            "fields": [
                {"name": "user", "type": "com.example.User"},
                {"name": "timestamp", "type": "long"}
            ]
        }"#;

        // Parse A first
        let ref_schema_a = Schema::from_str(schema_a).unwrap();

        // Parse B with reference to A
        let schema_b_value: Value = serde_json::from_str(schema_b).unwrap();
        let ref_schema_b =
            Schema::parse_with_references(&schema_b_value, std::slice::from_ref(&ref_schema_a))
                .unwrap();

        // Parse C with references to A and B (in dependency order)
        let schema_c_value: Value = serde_json::from_str(schema_c).unwrap();
        let final_schema =
            Schema::parse_with_references(&schema_c_value, &[ref_schema_a, ref_schema_b]).unwrap();

        // Verify all three types are in the schema
        for name in ["Address", "User", "Event"] {
            let full_name = FullName {
                name: name.to_string(),
                namespace: "com.example".to_string(),
            };
            assert!(
                final_schema.indices.contains_key(&full_name),
                "{} type should be in schema indices",
                name
            );
        }
    }

    #[mz_ore::test]
    fn test_parse_with_multiple_types_in_reference() {
        // Schema A defines both Address and PhoneNumber
        let ref_schema_json = r#"{
            "type": "record",
            "name": "ContactInfo",
            "namespace": "com.example",
            "fields": [
                {
                    "name": "address",
                    "type": {
                        "type": "record",
                        "name": "Address",
                        "fields": [{"name": "street", "type": "string"}]
                    }
                },
                {
                    "name": "phone",
                    "type": {
                        "type": "record",
                        "name": "PhoneNumber",
                        "fields": [{"name": "number", "type": "string"}]
                    }
                }
            ]
        }"#;

        // Schema B references both Address and PhoneNumber
        let primary_json = r#"{
            "type": "record",
            "name": "User",
            "namespace": "com.example",
            "fields": [
                {"name": "id", "type": "int"},
                {"name": "home", "type": "com.example.Address"},
                {"name": "mobile", "type": "com.example.PhoneNumber"}
            ]
        }"#;

        let ref_schema = Schema::from_str(ref_schema_json).unwrap();
        let primary_value: Value = serde_json::from_str(primary_json).unwrap();

        let schema = Schema::parse_with_references(&primary_value, &[ref_schema]).unwrap();

        // Verify all types are in the schema
        for name in ["Address", "PhoneNumber", "ContactInfo", "User"] {
            let full_name = FullName {
                name: name.to_string(),
                namespace: "com.example".to_string(),
            };
            assert!(
                schema.indices.contains_key(&full_name),
                "{} type should be in schema indices",
                name
            );
        }
    }

    #[mz_ore::test]
    fn test_parse_with_no_references() {
        // When no references are provided, it should behave like regular parse
        let schema_json = r#"{
            "type": "record",
            "name": "Simple",
            "fields": [{"name": "id", "type": "int"}]
        }"#;

        let value: Value = serde_json::from_str(schema_json).unwrap();

        let schema_with_refs = Schema::parse_with_references(&value, &[]).unwrap();
        let schema_normal = Schema::parse(&value).unwrap();

        // Both should produce equivalent schemas
        assert_eq!(schema_with_refs.named.len(), schema_normal.named.len());
        assert_eq!(schema_with_refs.indices.len(), schema_normal.indices.len());
    }

    #[mz_ore::test]
    fn test_parse_with_reference_in_array() {
        // Schema A defines an Item record
        let ref_schema_json = r#"{
            "type": "record",
            "name": "Item",
            "namespace": "com.example",
            "fields": [{"name": "name", "type": "string"}]
        }"#;

        // Schema B has an array of Items
        let primary_json = r#"{
            "type": "record",
            "name": "Order",
            "namespace": "com.example",
            "fields": [
                {"name": "items", "type": {"type": "array", "items": "com.example.Item"}}
            ]
        }"#;

        let ref_schema = Schema::from_str(ref_schema_json).unwrap();
        let primary_value: Value = serde_json::from_str(primary_json).unwrap();

        let schema = Schema::parse_with_references(&primary_value, &[ref_schema]).unwrap();

        // Verify both types exist
        let item_name = FullName {
            name: "Item".to_string(),
            namespace: "com.example".to_string(),
        };
        assert!(schema.indices.contains_key(&item_name));

        // Verify the array items type is a Named reference
        if let SchemaPieceOrNamed::Named(order_idx) = &schema.top {
            let order_piece = &schema.named[*order_idx].piece;
            if let SchemaPiece::Record { fields, .. } = order_piece {
                if let SchemaPieceOrNamed::Piece(SchemaPiece::Array(inner)) = &fields[0].schema {
                    assert!(
                        matches!(inner.as_ref(), SchemaPieceOrNamed::Named(_)),
                        "Array items should be a Named reference to Item"
                    );
                } else {
                    panic!("Expected items field to be an array");
                }
            } else {
                panic!("Expected Order to be a record");
            }
        } else {
            panic!("Expected top to be Named");
        }
    }
}